Exam 1 APK2100c UF Nguyen

Regional Anatomy

ex. Thoracic Cavity

Landmarks

projection of a bone

Microscopic Anatomy

"does this part of the kidney have cancer?"

Anatomy

study of the Structures of the body

Physiology

study of the functions of the body

Functional Anatomy

anatomy that emphasizes the structural characteristics of a body part that contribute to its function

Gross Anatomy

what we can see

Systemic Anatomy

ex. Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system

Surface Anatomy

Landmarks

Integumentary System

hair, skin, + glands. protects deeper tissues. synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.), sweat, and oil glands

Skeletal System

"protector". protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. blood cells are formed within the bones and the bones store minerals.

Muscular System

allows manipulations of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. maintains posture and produces heat.

Nervous System

"control center". activates appropriate muscles and glands.

Endocrine System

"communication system". glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Lymphatic System

"immunity". houses white blood cells, picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream.

Respiratory System

supplies O2 to blood and removes CO2.

Digestive System

breaks down food

Urinary System

"eliminator". eliminates waste from the body and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

Male + Female Reproductive System

Males: testes produce sperm --> male sex hormones. Female: ovaries produces eggs and female sex hormones. Mammary glands produce milk.

Lateral

towards the outside of the body

Medial

towards the middle of the body

Proximal

towards the trunk of body

Distal

away from the body

Superior

top, towards head

Inferior

bottom, away from head

Anterior (Ventral)

towards the front

Posterior (Dorsal)

towards the back

Superficial

towards the surface

Ipsilateral

same side of the body

Contralateral

opposite sides of body

Axial Region

head and trunk

Frontal (anterior)

forehead

Orbital (anterior)

eyes

Mental (anterior)

chin

Acromial (anterior)

shoulder

Brachial (anterior)

arm

Antecubical (anterior)

elbow

Carpal (anterior)

wrist

Manus (anterior)

hand

Pollex (anterior)

thumb

Coxal (anterior)

hip

Femoral (anterior)

thigh

Patellar (anterior)

kneecap

Crural (anterior)

leg (knee to ankle)

Fibular (anterior)

side of leg

Tarsal (anterior)

ankle

Metatarsal (anterior)

top of foot

Hallux (anterior)

big toe

Otic (posterior)

ear

Occipital (posterior)

back of the head

Cervical (posterior)

neck

Scapular (posterior)

shoulder blade

Olecranal (posterior)

back of elbow

Antebrachial (posterior)

forearm

Popliteal (posterior)

back of knee

Sural (posterior)

calf

Calcaneal (posterior)

heel

Pedal

foot

Vertebral (posterior)

spinal cord

Lumbar (posterior)

lower back

Sacral (posterior)

tailbone

Gluteal (posterior)

butt

Perineal (posterior)

between anus and external genitalia

Coronal/Frontal Plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Horizontal/Transverse Plane

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Sagittal Plane

divides body into right and left sides

Midsagittal Plane

divides body into equal right and left sides

Parasagittal Plane

divides body into unequal right and left sides

Dorsal Body Cavities

crania, vertebral canal (spinal cavity)

Ventral Body Cavities

thoracic, abdominopelvic

Cranial Cavity

formed by the cranial bones, contains and protects the brain

Vertebral Canal

formed by bones of the vertebral column, contains and protects the spinal cord

Meninges

layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Mucous Membranes

lines cavities that are OPEN to the outside environment. cells secrete mucous. examples are oral and nasal cavities, vagina, and anus

Serous Membranes

lines cavities that are CLOSED to the outside environments. cells secrete serous fluid. examples are thoracic and abdominal cavities

Visceral Layer

touches the organ

Parietal Layer

touches the body wall

Pleura

serosae associated with the lungs

Pericardium

serosae associated with the heart

Peritoneum

serosae associated with the abdominal viscera

Basic Cellular Function

replicate/regenerate/repair, obtain and use nutrients, dispose of wastes

Main Structural Components of a Cell

plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

Phospholipids

amphipathic, dynamic, creates framework for plasma membrane, makes up 75% of membrane lipids

Amphipathic

water loving and hating at the same time

Cholesterol

found among the lipids tails of bilayer, only found in animal cells, structural integrity of plasma membrane

Glycolipids

only found in layer facing extracellular fluid. cellular adhesion and recognition.

Glyco

sugar

How many membrane proteins are there?

two. integral and peripheral

Integral Proteins

imbedded in the bilayer. extends across both layers. acts as transportors and channels

Peripheral Proteins

do not extend across membrane, easily separated from membrane

Principle Functions of the Plasma Membrane

1. protective barrier 2. cellular communications 3. regulates movement of substances in and out

Simple Diffusion

lipid soluble molecules go straight through

Osmosis

diffusion of water through the lipid bilayer

Facilitated Diffusion

water soluble molecules pass through an integral protein that allows it to diffuse through the bilayer

Active Transport

requires energy to help solute move through phospholipid bilayer

Endocytosis

uses vesicles to enter the cell. three types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis

Phagocytosis

"cell eating"

Pinocytosis

"cell drinking"

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

proteins act as receptors

Exocytosis

vesicles to exit the cell