Is an individual living thing made up of one or many cells, that is capable of growing and reproducing
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Cell
Is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism
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Unicellular
Organisms consisting of only a single cell
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Multicellular
Organism containing hundreds, or even thousands of cells
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Stimulus
A change in an organism's surrounding that causes the organism to react.
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Response
An action or change in behavior
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Homeostasis
regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for life
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Reproduction
the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process.
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Sexual Reproduction
Two cells (sperm and egg) unite to produce the first cell of the new organism
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Asexual Reproduction
When an organism just divide themselves in two. Identical
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Heterotroph
Organisms that get energy from the food they eat.
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Autotroph
Organisms that use energy from the sun to make their own food.
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energy
What is released during cell respiration.
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Growth
Process of becoming larger.
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Development
Process of changes that occur during on organism's life.
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Photosynthesis
A process that autotrophs go through to get their energy.
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Metabolism
the sum of all processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
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Change through time
living things evolve in order to survive
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feedback mechanism
Regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis
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DNA
molecule present in all living organisms. It is the carrier of genetic information.
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Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
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Robert Hooke
He gave us the word "cell" for use with living things. He discovered cells looking at cork.
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek
He saw the first living microorganisms.
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Matthias Schleiden
He studied plants. He looked at lots of plants under the microscope; their leaves, flowers, roots and stems. He decided that "All plants are made of cells".
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Theodor Schwann
He studied animals. He looked at animal tissues under the microscope and saw cells. He came to the conclusion, "All animals are made of cells".
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Rudolph Virchow
He was a doctor. He studied human illness and looked at diseased body tissue. He observed living cells dividing into two parts. He came to the conclusion that living cells reproduced and made new living cells.
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Microscope
A tool used by biologists to study microscopic (TINY) details of living things.
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All living things are made of cells.
The first part of The Cell Theory based on the work of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.
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Cells only come from living cells.
The third statement of The Cell Theory. This is based on Rudolf Virchow's observation of living cells reproducing.
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cell theory
*All living things are composed of cells
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*Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
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*New cells are produced from existing cells
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cell
The basic unit of life
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cell membrane
The thin flexible barrier that surrounds a cell
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nucleus
The large membrane-enclosed structure that contains genetic information in the form ofterm-30 DNA and controls many of the cell's acitivities
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Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
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eukaryotes
Cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei; animal and plant cells
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prokaryotes
Cells that do not enclose their DNA in nuclei; bacteria
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cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the plant cell
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Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
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cells make
tissues
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Unicellular
Made of a single cell
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Multicellular
Consisting of many cells
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Exception to the Cell Theory
Viruses reproduce but are not but are not made up of cells
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Endosymbiotic Theory
a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes
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polymer
A large molecule composed of repeating smaller units or monomers.
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carbohydrate
Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO), provides quick energy and is a part of the structure of cell wall
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protein
Class of nutrients made up of amino acids.
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lipid
Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Used for long term energy (CHO)
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nucleic acid
A biological molecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information (CHONP)
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amino acid
Monomer of protein
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monosaccharide
monomer of carbohydrate
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nucleotide
Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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fatty acid and glycerol
monomer of lipids
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macromolecule
A very large molecule found in living things
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enzyme
A protein that makes a reaction happen QUICKER; decreases activation energy of a reaction.
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polysaccharide
polymer of a carbohydrate
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glucose
A simple sugar (carbohydrate) that is an important source of energy, example of a monomer of carbohydrate
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Active site
Part of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.
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Substrate
A substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.
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Product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
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Catalyst
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
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organic compound
a compound that contains the element carbon
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disaccharide
A molecule composed of two monosaccharides. Common disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.
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enzyme-substrate complex
The combination of the enzyme and substrate
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Activation energy
The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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Transmit and Store Genetic Information
Function of a Nucleic Acid
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Phospholipid
Polymer of Lipid, makes up cell membrane
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Cellulose
Carbohydrate found in plants
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Active site of an enzyme
the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate
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Substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
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Enzymes are
proteins
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Reactants
A starting material in a chemical reaction
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Products
Ending materials in a chemical reaction.
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cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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phospholipid
A lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids; consists of a hydrophilic polar head and two non-polar hydrophobic tails; forms cell membranes.
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lipid bilayer
a thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules
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hydrophobic
tails of the phospholipid that are repelled by water
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hydrophilic
head of phospholipid that attracts water molecules
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equillibrium
a condition in which molecules are spread evenly(equally)
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passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
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diffusion
movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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concentration gradient
the difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance.
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osmosis
the process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to a area of lower concentration.
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hypotonic
describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower and water is a higher concentration than inside the cell.
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hypertonic
describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher and water concentration is lower than inside the cell.
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isotonic
describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell.
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facilitated diffusion
the transport of substances through a cell membrane down a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins.
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carrier protein
a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane. Then protein is not open at both ends simultaneously.
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channel protein
a protein in a cell membrane that extends through the membrane and is open on both ends forming a pore or channel
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active transport
the movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy.
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sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell.
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endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell.
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exocytosis
the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out.
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Fluid Mosaic Membrane Model
Description of cell membrane structure in which phospholipids form a bilayer that has a fluid consistency and is embedded with protein molecules.
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cell wall
different than a cell membrane; found in plants, bacteria, and fungi (never in animals)
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Vesicle
A membrane bound "bubble" or sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.
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semipermeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
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