ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Electricity

It refers to the flow of charged particles, typically electrons, through a material that conducts electricity.

Magnetism

a property of certain materials that produce a magnetic field, which can attract or repel other magnetic materials and also produce a force on charged particles in motion.

Electromagnetism

a branch of physics that studies the interactions between electrically charged particles.

Electromagnetism

It describes the behavior of electric and magnetic fields and their interaction with matter, and forms the basis for the electric and magnetic phenomena we see in the world around us, including light, electrical power, and magnetic forces.

PHOTONS

Bundles of electromagnetic energy. They are the basic units that make up all light and all electromagnetic radiation.

QUANTUM

Another term for a photon

James Clerk Maxwell

The scientist who demonstrated that visible light has both electric and magnetic properties, leading to the term electromagnetic energy.

• Frequency

• Wavelength

• Velocity

• Amplitude

Properties of electromagnetic energy

Frequency

The number of complete waves that pass a point in one second.

Frequency

It is equal to the number of crests or the number of valleys.

Frequency

It is measured in Hertz (Hz) wherein one hertz is equal to one cycle per second.

Attenuation

refers to the reduction in intensity or the weakening of the X-ray beam as it passes through an object, such as the human body.

Attenuation

dependent on the thickness and composition of the material through which the X-rays are passing, as well as the energy of the X-rays themselves.

Wavelength

The distance from any point on a wave to an identical point on the next wave.

Wavelength

The distance from crest to crest or valley to valley.

Velocity

Vector quantity that refers to the rate at which an object changes position. It can be defined as the distance covered by an object in unit time.

3 x 10^8 m/s or 186,000 mi/s

The velocity of all electromagnetic radiation is

Amplitude

The maximum distance that the particles of a wave's medium vibrate from their rest position. One-half the range from crest to valley.

C = fλ

Electromagnetic Waveform Equation

c

speed of light (m/s)

f

Frequency (Hz)

λ

Wavelength (m)

h

Planck's constant

Planck's constant

a fundamental constant in physics that relates the energy of a photon to its frequency.

Max Planck

Planck's constant is named after the German physicist who first proposed its existence in 1900.

6.626 x 10^-34 j-s

Planck's constant has the value of approximately

Electron Volt

The energy acquired by an accelerated electron accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt.

eV

The energy of X-ray is expressed in

1.6 x 10^-19 J

1 eV to J

6.24 x 10^18 eV

1 J to eV

E=hf

Planck’s equation