Political Science Final Exam

Political science

the systematic study of politics

Politics

an activity related to influencing, making, or implementing collective decisions for a political community

Power

the ability to achieve an objective by influencing the behavior of others, particularly to get them to do what they would not have otherwise done

Free rider problem

a problem with voluntarily collective action that results because an individual can enjoy the Ben if it's of groups actions without contributing

Authority

the right to exercise power

Legitimacy

acceptance by the members of a political community that those in positions of authority have the right to govern

Charismatic authority

authority based on the perception that a leader has extraordinary or supernatural qualities

Traditional authority

authority based on customs that establish the right of certain persons to rule

Legal rational authority

the right to rule based on legal rules and procedures rather than on the personal qualities or characteristics of the rulers

Common good

what is good for the entire political community

Pluralist system

a political system in which a large number of groups representing a wide variety of interests are able to influence the decisions of the government. Government tried to satisfy as many groups as possible, and no groups had a dominant influence on government

Individualist perspective

a perspective that views humans being as acting primarily in accordance with their own interests

State

an independent, self governing political community whose governing institutions have the capability to make rules that are binding on the population residing within a particular territory

Government

the set of institutions that makes decisions and oversees their implementation on behalf of the state for particular period of time

Sovereignty

the principle that states are the highest authority for their populations and territories and are not subject to any external authority

Governance:

the making and implementing of decisions often with the involvement of state and non-state organizations

Failed state

a state that is unable to enforce laws, maintain order, protect the lives of citizens, and provide basic services

Nation state

a sovereign state based on people living in a country who share a sense of common identity as members of a particular nation

Nation

a group of people who share a sense of common identity and who typically believe they should be self governing within their homeland

Nationalism

the idea that the nation state is the best form of political community, That a nation should have its own self governing state, and that the interests, culture, and values of the nation should be promoted

Ethnic nationalism

nationalism based on common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and language associated with a particular ethnic groups

Civil nationalism

nationalism based on the shared political values and political history of those who are citizens of a country

National self determination

the idea that nations should have the right to determine their political status, including choosing to have their own sovereign state

Binational or multinational states

states whose population are composed of two or more nations

Official multiculturalism

the policy recognizing the cultural diversity of the country and providing encouragement and support for those of different cultures to help them retain and foster their cultures and traditions

Citizenship

the idea that a country's permanent residents are full members of the political community with certain duties and rights

Globalization

the process that are increasing the interconnectedness of the world

Political ideology

a package of interrelated ideas and beliefs about government, society, the economy, and human nature that inspire and affect political action, each ideology provides a different perspective that is used to understand and evaluate how the world actually works. Most ideologies also provide a version of what the world should be like and propose a means of political action to achieve their objectives

Enlightenment

an intellectual movement that developed in the mid 18th century, emphasizing the power of human reason to understand, and improve the world

Left

the general ideological position associated with advocacy of greater social and economic equality, laws based on universal human rights, rather than traditional morality, and opposition to state support for religious institutions

Right

the general ideological position associated with opposition to imposing, greater social and economic, equality, and with maintaining traditional, moral values and institutions

Rule of law

the idea that people should be subject to known, predictable, and impartial rules of conduct, rather than that I will trade orders of particular individuals. Both rulers, and the rules should be equally subject to the law.

Liberal democracy

a political system that combines a liberal ideas of limited government, individual freedom, and the rule of law, with the democratic system of governing based on the election of representatives

Classical liberalism

a form of liberalism, that these government, as having a limited purpose of protecting life, liberty, and property

Laissez faire economic system

a system, in which, privately owned businesses, workers, and consumers really interact in the marketplace without government interference

Reform liberalism

a version of liberalism that combine support for individual freedom with the belief that government action may be needed to help remove obstacles to individual deployment

Neoliberalism

a perspective, based on a strong believe in the free market, place in opposition to government intervention in the economy

Conservatism

a perspective or idea, largely that emphasizes the values of order, stability, respect for authority, and tradition, based on the view that humans are inherently, imperfect, with a limited capacity to reason

Reactionary

a conservative who favors a return to the values and institutions of the past

Welfare state

a state in which government ensures that all people have a decent standard of living and are provided protection from hardships, resulting from circumstances, such as unemployment, sickness, disability, and old age

New right

a perspective, that combines, and various ways, but the promotion, a free market, capitalism, and limited government and traditional, crucial and moral values

Social conservatism

a version of conservatism, that advocates public policies based on traditional more and religious values, including opposition to abortion, same-sex, marriage, and premarital sex

Populism

a perspective that advocates putting power in the hands of the people, rather than the elites who control policies and societies

Socialism

an ideological perspective based on the view that human beings are basically social in nature and that the capitalist system undermines the co-operative and community oriented nature of humanity. Socialism advocates the establishment of an egalitarian society

Historical materialism

the view that historical development, and the dynamics of society and politics, can be understood, in terms of the way society was organized and produce material goods

Communism

a system in which private property has been replaced by collective or communal ownership, and everyone is free to take from society what they need

Leninism

version of Marxism that includes the believe that the capital of system can be overthrown only by force, by means of a tightly disciplined party, controlled by revolutionary vanguard

Democratic socialism

the perspective that Socialism should be achieved by democratic rather than revolutionary mean that a socialist society should be democratic in nature with political rights and freedoms respected

Anarchism

and ideologically that views the state has the key source of oppression and see-through place to stay with the system based on voluntarily cooperation

Fascism

an ideology that combines in aggressive form of nationalism, with a strong belief in the naturalism of inequality and oppression to both liberal democracy and communism

Nazism

a version of fashion associate with Adolf Hitler, the Nazi leader of Germany, if it says there's a conflict in the security of the Aryan race

Holocaust: the systematic extermination of 6 million European Jews, by the Nazis during World War II

Social Darwinism

the use of Darwin's theory of evolution to argue the competition in conflict, allow humanity to evolve through the survival of the fittest

Corporate state: a system associated with fascist Italy, in which business and labor work harmoniously to achieve goals, established by the state to achieve the good of the nation

Feminism

a perspective that the society as patriarchal and seeks to achieve full independence and equality for women

Patriarchy

a system in which power is in the hands of men and many aspects of women's lives are controlled by men

Liberal feminism

a version of feminism that advocates equal opportunities for women in such areas as education and employment, as well as equal, legal and political rights

Socialist feminism

a version of feminism that these women as a press by both the mail, Dominic, character of society, and the capital of the system. The liberation of women is connected to the transformation of capitalism into a more cooperative and egalitarian and social system.

Radical feminism

a version of feminism that views society, as based on the oppression of women and see, celebrate woman is a fundamental transformation of social institutions, values, and personal relationships

Environmentalism

a perspective based on the idea that humanity needs to change its relationship to nature, so as to protect the natural environment, and ensure that it can sustain all forms of life

Anthropocentrism

the focus on human well-being is that is at the center of most political thought

Egocentric

the view that nature has intrinsic value, and should not be valued only in terms of its use for human beings

Sustainability

maintaining the integrity of ecosystems by ensuring the renewable resources, are not being used at a rate that exceeds the ability of ecosystems to regulate them, developing renewable substitutes to replace the consumption of non-renewable sources, ensuring that the emission of pollution does not exceed the ability of the ecosystem to handle them without damage

Sustainable development

meeting the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs; it involves development to ensure that the needs of the poor are filled and protecting the environment for the well-being of future generations

Reform environmentalism

a perspective that views the solution to environmental problems, primarily in terms of better science, technology, and environmental management

Free market environmentalism

the perspective that holds a guarantees of the rights of private property in the free market economy, or crucial to environmental protection

Deep ecology

an environmentalist perspective that views Anthropocentrism as the fundamental cause of environmental degradation in advocates, the cultivation of an environmental conscientious, and a sense of one's nice with the world that recognizes the utility of humans, plants, animals, earth

Eco feminism

A combination of environmentalism and feminism, that views male dominance as the basic cause of the integration of the earth

Political culture

the fundamental political values, beliefs, and orientations that are widely held within a political community

Civic culture

a mixture of subject and participant political roles among the general population

Political efficacy

the attitude that individuals think that they can have an impact on political decisions and that government is responsive to what people want

Life cycle effect

the effect of one's age on one's attitudes and behaviors. As people grow older, their attitudes and behaviors may change due to changing circumstances (such as education, marriage, employment, and retirement) related to age

Generational effect

the effect on attitudes and behaviors of the views of different generations that persist throughout the life cycle

Political socialization

the processes by which the values, attitudes, and beliefs of the political culture are transmitted to members of the political community

Postmaterialist Theory

a theory that modern societies have undergone a fundamental change in value priorities because generations that grew up in the relative security and affluence of the Western world are more likely to give priority to postmaterialist values than to the materialist values

Postmaterialist values

non-materialist values such as freedom of expression, participation, concern about the quality of life, and appreciation of a more beautiful environment

New style of citizen politics

a set of changes including greater citizen activism, the questioning of authority, the development of new political parties and new social movements, the raising of new types of issues, and the development of more liberal social values

Democracy

rule by the people

Direct Democracy

a system in which citizens themselves make the governing decisions

Representative democracy

a form of democracy in which citizens elect representatives to the legislature to make decisions on their behalf

Legislature

an institution whose responsibilities include the approval of legislation and the raising and spending of funds by the government

Civil Society

the voluntary groups and organizations that are not controlled by the state

Transparency

government's obligation to provide timely access to information and to operate visibly so that it can be held accountable for its action

Democratic Deficit

the substantial level of public dissatisfaction with the performance of democratic governments and politicians exhibited in low levels of trust and confidence in government and politicians, increased protest activity, and a feeling that ordinary people have little influence on government

Plebiscitary Democracy

a form of democracy in which citizens have greater control than in representative democracy through the use of such devices as referendums, citizens initiative, and recall elections

Referendum

a vote by citizens on a particular issue or law

Citizens Initiative

a procedure that gives citizens the right, by obtaining a sizable number of signatures on a petition, to have a proposition that they have drafted put to vote by the electorate for approval

Deliberative Democracy

a political system in which decisions are made based on discussion by citizens rather than by elected representatives alone

Citizens Juries

a groups of randomly selected persons that deliberate about and make recommendations concerning particular issues

Federal systems

a system of governing in which sovereign authority is divided or shared between the central government and regional governments, with each deriving its authority from the constitution

Regime

the broadest class of political system, it encompasses the bases of the system's legitimacy; how and to whom the government is accountable; how government, civil society, and private citizens interact; and what its governmental institutions are. Examples include democracy, dictatorship, and monarchy

Norms

an unwritten rule that sets out unofficial standards of behavior and is accepted by and binding on a;; participants in a given institution or process

Authoritarian Regimes

non-democratic governing systems that feature absolute rule over the population. People are prevented from choosing their governmental and influencing its decisions

Hybrid Regimes

governing systems that are a mixture of democratic and non democratic rule. Hybrid governments typically gain and keep power through electoral fraud, corruption, and legal maneuvers

Totalitarian Dictatorship

a regime that seeks to control all aspects of life within a country

Institutional Dictatorship

an undemocratic government controlled by an established political institution. The most common example are military dictatorships, party dictatorships, and theocratic dictatorships

Absolute Monarchies

a political system in which a king or queen has total power, unconstrained by law

Personal Dictatorship

an undemocratic government dominated by a single individual. Saddam Hussein's Iraq or Muammar Gaddafi Libya were classic examples of this kind of system

Party Dictatorship

an undemocratic political system that is controlled by one party. The most familiar examples are found in communist political systems

Hegemonic Party Regime

a political system in which opposition parties exist and compete for power but cannot win because government control over the electoral system assures that the ruling party does not lose