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Jean Piaget

Father of Cognitive Development - How does learning occur?

Piaget developed 4 stages of development

1 - Sensorimotor

2- Preoperational

3- Concrete Operations

4- Formal Operations

All people go through stages, but order may vary.

Sensorimotor

A stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around with it

Preoperational

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Concrete Operations

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Formal Operations

11 and up, can reason in hypothetical situations, abstract thought.

Cognitive Process

Schemes, Assimilation, Accommodation, Cognitive dissonance, and Equilibration.

Schemes

Method of organization - filing system of one's knowledge of world.

Assimilation

Taking in information that fits an existing scheme.

Accommodation

Taking in information that does not fit an existing scheme. Requires one to modify scheme or create a new one.

Cognitive dissonance

Awareness that incoming info doesn't fit into existing schemes.

Equilibration

Process of trying to achieve mental balance or equilibrium by determining whether to modify scheme or create a new one, state of flux experienced until equilibrium is restored.

Robert Gagne - Conditions of learning

5 major learning categories

Verbal

Intellectual skills

Cognitive strategies

Motor skills

Attitudes

9 Instructional events for learning

Gain attention, Identify objective, Recall prior knowledge, Present stimulus, Guide learning, Elicit performance, Provide feedback, assess performance, and enhance retention/transfer.

Jerome Bruner - Scaffolding

Providing extra support to enable students to successfully complete a task.

Information Processing - Atkinson and Shiffrin

Attention, learning strategies, knowledge base, and metacognition.

Lev Vygotsky

Researched the role of social interaction in language development. Concept acquisition is fostered by working with others who have that knowledge.

Lev Vygotsky - The zone of proximal development

the gap between unactualized potential and actualized potential.

Humanism

Developmental learning theories that are classified as Humanistic focus on social and personal development.

Erik Erikson - Stages of psychosocial development

Proposed there are 8 critical stages in life. Within each stage, a developmental crisis occurs. The outcome of that crisis, positive or negative, affects future development.

Stage One (0-18 mo)

trust vs mistrust - needs physical comfort, absence of fear

Stage Two (18 mo - 3 yrs)

Autonomy vs shame - Recognizes own behavior and will

Stage Three (3yr - 6 yr)

Initiative vs guilt - Learns responsibility

Stage Four (6yr -12 yr)

Industry vs Inferiority - Learns cultural skills, needs direction to industry.

Stage Five (12yr - 18)

Identify vs Role confusion - Explores roles, needs freedom to choose

Stage Six (20 - 40)

Intimacy vs Isolation - Willingly open to commit to another

Stage Seven (40 - 60)

Generativity vs stagnation - Involved with influencing future generation

Stage Eight (60+)

Integrity vs despair - Needs to resolve other stages positively, accept mortality.

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

Individuals have certain needs that must be in hierarchial manner. , 1) Physiological needs: food, water, physical well-being 2)Safety needs- shelter, protection, stability 3)Social needs- love, affection, belongingness 4) Esteem needs- respect, prestige, mastery 5) Self-actualization needs- self-fulfillment, growth.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Reasoning

Level 1 - Preconventional Morality (4-10yr) - punishment/avoidance, exchange of favors

Level 2 - Conventional Morality (10-13yr) - Good boy/good girl, law and order.

Level 3 - Postconventional Morality (13 + yrs) - social contract, universal ethical principle

Carl Rogers

Freedom in learning - individuals should have freedom to learn, goal is self discipline, free to choose your own behavior-rather than reacting, self concept is one's belief about oneself

Attribution Theory

Suggests how we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition. Effort to account for why students are successful or not in the classroom.

Internal locus of control, external locus of control and self efficacy

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Dewey

Classroom as a minidemocracy. Founder of school of progressivism, pragmatism, service learning and inquiry learning.

Behaviorism

School of thought that examines how external, environmental stimuli produce changes in behavior. Based on contiguity - events/items that are closely linked, refers to the simple stimulus response (S-R) pairings.

S - R Example

Lightning = Thunder

5x5 = 25

Ivan Pavlov

Classical Conditioning - Worked with dog using bell and bones. Studied reflex behaviors. Won nobel prize in 1904

Classical conditioning

New reactions develop in response to previously neutral stimuli.

Unconditioned stimulus - teacher blows whistle

Unconditioned response - students cover ears and stop talking

Conditioned stimulus - teacher raises hand while blowing whistle.

Conditioned response - students stop talking when teacher raises hand.

B.F. Skinner/E.L Thorndike - Operant conditioning

Law of effect - any response that is followed by a positive reinforce will increase in its frequency of occurrence. Punishment decreases frequency of behaviors, intermittent reinforcement is effective (positively or negatively)

Operant conditioning

Stimulus generalization - police wear uniforms, so all uniformed persons are helpful.

Stimulus discrimination - all people who wear uniforms are not police officers.

Shaping - process of using reinforcers to mold the behavior into the desired goal.

Extinction - Reinforcement or punishment no longer occurs as a consequence for a given behavior

Behaviorism - Albert Bandura

Modeling - When an individual makes a change in his/her behavior after observing that behavior in another. Bobo doll experiment.

Bloom's Taxonomy

6 levels in cognitive domain identified by Benjamin Bloom: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation.

Knowledge

Remember - Recall of data

Comprehension

Understand the meaning, translation, interpolation, and interpretation of instructions and problems. State a problem in one's own words.

Application

Apply - Use a concept in a new situation or unprompted use of an abstraction. Applies what was learned in the classroom into novel situations in the workplace.

Analysis

Analyze - Separates material or concepts into component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood. Distinguishes between facts and inferences.

Synthesis

Create - Builds a structure or pattern from diverse elements. Put parts together to form a whole, with emphasis on creating a new meaning or structure.

Evaluation

Evaluate - Make judgments about the value of ideas or materials.

Formative is

FOR learning. Informs both teachers and students, allows teacher to adjust instruction, time to intervene, and students to self evaluate

Summative Assessment

of learning. what students do or don't know, evaluate programs effectiveness, places students in correct classes

Albert Bandura

Observational Learning

Bruner

Theory of "Discovery Learning" Constructivist. Children solve problems using prior examples, reflection activities.

John Dewey

Progressive education - learning by doing

Jean Piaget

Father of cognitive development

Lev Vygotsky

Social development theory of learning

Kohlberg

theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development.

Benjamin Bloom

-Taxonomy of Education

Thorndike

law of effect

John B Watson

American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes

Maslow

Humanistic theory

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist - Classical and operant conditioning

Erik Erikson

humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span.

metacognition

"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Transfer

Any carryover of knowledge or skills from one problem situation to another

Self efficacy

One's belief in his or her own ability.

Self regulation

The ability to control one's emotions, cognitions, and behaviors by providing consequences for oneself

Zone of proximal development

In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, the difference between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent.

Classical conditioning

Two types of associative learning, A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Operant conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

cognitive mapping

The process by which a person acquires, codes, stores, recalls, and decodes information about his or her spatial environment.

Self determination

"combination of skills, knowledge, and beliefs that enable a person to engage in goal directed, self-regulated, autonomous behavior

Attribution

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

Extrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Learning style

The different ways people process information

Socioeconomic status

A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors

explicit teaching

—The teacher directly says what they are going to do, what they are going to teach, and what they want from the students

Cooperative learning

Approach to instruction in which students work with a small group of peers to achieve a common goal and help one another learn.

Collaborative learning

Learning that takes place when students work in groups to discuss and solve problems together.

Heterogeneous grouping

An educational practice in which students of diverse abilities are placed within the same instructional groups.

Homogeneous grouping

An educational practice in which students of similar abilities are placed within the same instructional groups.

Diagnostic assessment

a form of assessment designed to provide teachers with information about students' prior knowledge and misconceptions before beginning a learning activity

Holistic scoring

Summarizing a student's performance on an assessment with a single score.

Analytical scoring

Essay scoring method in which separate scores are given for specific aspects of the essay

Achievement test

A test designed to assess what a person has learned

Ability test

Tests used to assess the skills an individual already possesses.

Aptitude Tests

A test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.