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stability vs. change
the traits that persist through life and those that change as we age
continuous vs. stages
the parts of development that are gradual and continuous vs the parts that change abruptly in separate levels
nature vs. nurture
the traits that come from experience or genetics
teratogens
chemicals or viruses that can reach embryos during prenatal development and cause harm
maternal illness
illnesses the mother goes through during pregnancy that put the child at health problems and psychiatric disorders
genetic mutations
mutations that occur to a fetus during prenatal development that cause potential harm to the children
rooting
a newborns innate tendency to turn their head toward a touch on their cheek and open their mouth, helps locate a nipple for feeding
critical period
an optimal period when a first language needs to be acquired for normal development: an optimal period where a novel stimulus would elicit a normal response in children’s development
sensitive period
an optimal period when it’s easiest to learn language, exposure is ideal, not required
visual cliff & depth perception
a drop off from one surface with glass over the drop
previously believed fear fed into, now it is believed to be the interaction of depth perception and environment; partially innate but develops through experimentation and exploration
habituation
a decreased response with repeated stimulus that occurs in a childs development
maturation
biological growth process, orderly change of behavior
adolescense
transition period from childhood to adulthood from puberty to independence
puberty
period of sexual maturation, become capable of reproducing
jean piaget
developmental psychologist that focuses on children’s cognition as a process with biological and environmental interaction
animism
belief that objects have animate traits and are alive
schema
concept of framework that organizes and interprets information
assimilation
interpreting new experiences with old schemas
accommodation
adapting current schemas for new things
sensorimotor stage
birth to 2y, take in world with senses
object permanence
develops in pre-operational stage, the idea that object exists even when they are not perceived
preoperational stage
2y to 6y, development of language use, no mental operation yet
conservation
develops during concrete operational stage, properties remain the same despite change of appearance
reversibility
develops during concrete operational stage, ability to reverse a sequence of events r actions and understand that something can return its original state
egocentrism
during preoperational stage, child’s difficulty taking another’s viewpoint or perspective
pretend play & symbolic thinking
ability to pretend things are real during play
applying and having the ability to create connections between symbols and their real life counterparts
theory of mind
peoples ideas about their own and others mental states, develops around preschool, those with autism lack the ability to develop this
concrete operational stage
7y to 12y, mental operations develop
formal operational stage
12y, abstract concepts develop, advanced math
lev vygotsky
social cultural emphasis of a child’s development
scaffold
framework that is child’s temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking
zone of proximal development
what a child can do with help, shows what their potential is
crystallized intelligence vs. fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence includes accumulated knowledge and skills gained through experience and learning
fluid refers to the ability to think abstractly and solve novel problems
dementia
older adults become more prone to, cog disorder that impairs memory, cognition, and decision making
language
systems of spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
phonemes
smallest distinctive sound unit
morphemes
smallest meaningful sound unit
cooing
early stage of vocalization where infants produce soft vowel-like sounds typically around 2-3 months
babbling
repetitive consonant vowel combinations as they experiment with vocalizations and lay the groundwork for speech
one-word stage
1-2y, child speaking single words
telegraphic speech
short 2 word phrases, primarily consisting of nouns and verbs
overgeneralization
the tendency for young kids to apply common grammar rules to unknown words, often incorrectly
semantics
deriving meaning from sound
syntax
ordering words into sentences
broca’s area
speaking, muscle movement, frontal love
wernickes area
understanding, language expression
