Exercise Physiology - Cardiovascular and Circulatory System

blood is _________________________

connective tissue

blood transports ____________________

vital substances

blood maintains __________________________

stability of interstitial flui

blood distributes __________

heat

blood cells form mostly in _____________________

red bone marrow

RBC

red blood cells

WBC

white blood cells

cell fragments

platelets

blood is about ______ of body weight

8%

adult blood volume is about _____ liters

5

"Buffy coat"

white blood cells and platelets

plasma = _____%

55

Red cells = _____%

45%

blood cells originate in red marrow from ___________________ or __________________________

hemocytoblasts or hematopoietic stem cells

stem cells can _________________________ and __________________________________

give rise to more stem cells and specialize/differentiate

red blood cells are called _______________

erythrocytes

red blood cells are one-third hemoglobin or _____________ and _______________

oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin

red blood cells are able to readily squeeze through ____________

capillaries

red blood cells lack _______ and _________

nuclei and mitochondria

______________ is the number of RBC's in cubic millimeter or microliter or blood

RBC counts

red blood cell counts may vary depending on __________ and ____________

age and health

RBC counts reflects blood's ___________________________________

oxygen carrying capacity

low blood oxygen causes the kidneys and the liver to release __________________ which stimulates RBC production

erythropoietin

red blood cell production is a ________________________________________

negative feedback mechanism

what is necessary in dietary factors affecting red blood cell production

vitamin B12 and folic acid

vitamin B12 and folic acid are required for _____________________ making them necessary for growth and division of all cells

DNA synthesis

iron is required for _______________________

hemoglobin synthesis

white blood cells are _______________

leukocytes

protect against disease

white blood cells

WBCs protect against _________________

infection

these leukocytes can squeeze between the cells of a capillary wall and enter the tissue space outside the blood vessel...what is this called?

diapedesis

a procedure used to count number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

white blood cell counts

low WBC count (below 5,000) is called...

leukopenia

leukopenia can cause...

typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS

typically _____________________ per cubic millimeter of blood

5,000-10,000

high WBC count (above 10,000) is called...

leukocytosis

leukocytosis can cause...

acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids

differential WBC count lists percentages of....

types of leukocytes

platelets are also known as ________________

thrombocytes

cell fragments of megakaryocytes

platelets

platelets lack what?

nucleus

platelets are roughly half the size of a _____________

RBC

there are approx. ________________________ per cubic millimeter of blood

130,000-360,000

what do blood platelets do?

help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces

blood plasma is ______ colored

straw

liquid portion of blood

blood plasma

blood plasma = ____% of blood volumes

55%

blood plasma is _____% water

92%

___________________________ includes transporting nutrients, gases, and vitamins

blood plasma

blood plasma helps regulate ______________________________ and maintain______________

fluid and electrolyte balance; maintain pH

most important blood gases

oxygen and carbon dioxide

plasma nutrients also include

amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, and lipids

lipids are divided into three categories...

fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and cholesterol

nonprotein nitrogenous substances are molecules containing __________________ but are not proteins

nitrogen

nonprotein nitrogenous substances

urea, uric acid, amino acids, creatine, creatinine, BUN

product of protein catabolism

urea

_____________ is about 50% of nonprotein nitrogenous substances

urea

product of nucleic acid catabolism

uric acid

product of protein catabolism

amino acids

stores phosphates

creatine

product of creatine metabolism

creatinine

blood urea nitrogen, indicates health go kidney

BUN

plasma contains a variety of these ions called _______________

electrolytes

types of plasma electrolytes

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate

3 functions of the blood important to exercise

transportation, temp regulation, and acid-base balance

the heart pumps about ___________________ liters of blood through the body each day

7,000

the heart contracts _________ billion times in an average

2.5

the heart and all the blood vessels make up the _______________________ system

cardiovascular

the blood vessels make up two circuits...

pulmonary circuit and systematic circuit

the _________ is a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump

heart

four chambers in the heart

two atria and two ventricles

two atria = _________________

blood storage

two ventricles = _____________________________

one low pressure pump and one high pressure pump

the heart size varies with ______________

body size

the heart lies in the __________________

thoracic cavity

the heart is _______ to the sternum

posterior

the heart is _______ to the lungs

medial

the heart is ________ to the vertebral column

anterior

the base of the heart lies beneath ________________

2nd rib

the apex of the heart is at the _______________________________

5th intercostal space

the heart lays just above the ___________________

diaphragm

3 coverings of the heart

fibrous pericardium, visceral pericardium, and parietal pericardium

the heart wall has three distinct layers:

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

outer layer in heart wall

epicardium

middle layer in the heart wall

myocardium

inner layer in the heart wall

endocardium

what are the four chambers in the heart?

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

right atrium receives blood from the ________________, _______________, and _________________

inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, and coronary sinus

right ventricle receive blood from the _________________________

right atrium

left atrium receives blood from the ________________________________

pulmonary veins

left ventricle receive blood from the ____________________________

left atrium

the _____________________, together with other masses of dense connective tissue in the portion of the septum between the ventricles, constitute the skeleton of the heart

fibrous rings

explain where blood flows through. start with blood from the systematic circuit

blood from systematic circuit, vena cave and coronary sinus, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, alveolar capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, and back to systematic circuit

when does blood pass through the tricuspid valve?

in between the right atrium and right ventricle

when does blood pass through the pulmonary valve?

in between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

when does blood pass through the mitral valve?

in between the left atrium and left ventricle

when does blood pass through the aortic valve?

in between the left ventricle and aorta

heart actions are regulate so that atria contract (___________________) while ventricles relax (______________________); followed by ventricles contract (______________________) while atria relax (_____________________)

atrial systole, ventricular diastole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole

during a cardiac cycle, the ___________ in the heart chambers rise and falls

pressure

in atrial systole and ventricular diastole, blood flows ________________ into the ventricles

passively