U.S. History EOC Study Guide

Flashcards for U.S. History EOC Study Guide

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A book that caused the North and South to further split. The North bought many copies, while some Southern states banned it.

Abolitionists

The primary goal was to end slavery.

Dred Scott Decision of the Supreme Court

1) Scott can't bring suit because he is not a citizen; 2) no African American will ever be a citizen; 3) Congress has no right to restrict slavery in the territories

Popular Sovereignty

Allowing the people to vote to decide whether their territory will be free or slave.

Compromise of 1850

1) California as a free state; 2) New Mexico and Utah decide slavery by popular sovereignty; 3) passed a stronger Fugitive Slave Act

Ft. Sumter, South Carolina

The location of the first military conflict of the Civil War.

Advantages of the Confederacy

1) Fighting a war to defend their homes; 2) they had the best generals (military leaders); 3) better soldiers due to their outdoor lifestyle (hunting and fishing, etc.)

Anaconda Plan

Intended to strangle the southern economy by: 1) blockading the southern ports (trade); 2) taking control of the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy.

General Sherman's March through the South

An effort to totally defeat and discourage the South. Destroy their morale and force surrender.

Battle of Gettysburg

The turning point of the war leading to the Union victory. Largest battle of the war with three days and 55,000 casualties.

Reconstruction

Rebuilding and reuniting the North and South, including buildings, economy and society.

Compromise of 1877

Resulted in Rutherford Hayes becoming president and the Union pulling the military out of the South. Ended Reconstruction and led to Jim Crow South.

Ku Klux Klan

Caused fear and intimidation in the South to restrict the lives and political activities of African Americans.

Lincoln's election

Caused the South to secede from the Union.

Emancipation Proclamation

Changed the motivation of the North in fighting the war, raising the war to a moral conflict to free slaves.

Radical Reconstruction

Included five military districts and martial law in the South to make sure African Americans rights were protected.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Citizenship and equal protection of the law

15th Amendment

Voting rights for former slaves

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who came to the South to take advantage of the situation.

Scalawags

Southerners who joined the Republican Party and supported Reconstruction; traitors.

Freedman's Bureau positive impact

Established HBC's and education in the south for all races.

Sharecropping and Debt Peonage

Used to keep sharecroppers (former slaves) tied to the land. Landowners hold a debt over them so they can't leave.

Sharecroppers

Receive land and supplies to raise a crop and split it with the landowner.

Tenant farmers

Rented land and kept the entire crop.

Black Codes

Restrictive laws passed after the war but before Reconstruction

Jim Crow Laws

Restrictive laws including segregation which came about after Reconstruction ended.

Plessy v Ferguson decision

Led to the standard of separate but equal in America for 58 years.

Jim Crow System Voting Restrictions

1) Literacy tests (to qualify); 2) poll taxes (voting tax); 3) Grandfather Clauses (favoritism toward whites)

Missouri Compromise

1) Missouri admitted as a slave state; 2) Maine admitted as a free state; 3) Line drawn along the southern border of Missouri to the Pacific coast dividing free territory (north) and slave territory (south)

John Brown raid on Harper's Ferry

Further divided the North and South. North saw him as a hero while South saw him as a traitor and criminal.

Bleeding Kansas

1) popular sovereignty's use in Kansas to determine whether slave or free; 2) Pro-slavery supporters moved to Kansas to "steal" the election; 3) Violence between abolitionist and pro­ slavery towns over slavery

Harriet Tubman

Participation in bringing slaves north to freedom with the Underground Railroad. She took many trips south and led 300+ slaves to freedom.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved to the West for more opportunity and freedom after the Reconstruction, mostly coming from the South.

Native Americans and White American Movement to the West

Native Americans were continually forced on to worthless land (Reservations) by the U.S. Army.

Discovery of Gold and Silver and Offers of Free land

Attracted thousands of people from the East to the West.

Growing Demand for Beef after Civil War

Growth of cities in the East and the development of the railroads.

Americanization Impact on Native Americans

Natives saw the survival of their traditional cultures threatened.

Farmers Adaptations to Great Plains

Building sod houses, using barbed wire and dry farming techniques, burning buffalo chips for fuel, using steel plows for tough soil and the use of windmills to pump water.

Homestead Act of 1862

Committed to supporting settlers to go to the West.

Morrill Act Effect

To establish agricultural colleges on federal land in the West.

Bonanza Farming Characteristics

Massive single-crop farms which were run like big business by private investors and railroad companies.

Battle of Wounded Knee

Brought an end to the wars between the Plains Indians and the government.

End of Populist Movement

Election of William McKinley as President in 1896.

Cowboy Popular Image v. Real Life

Cowboys actually worked long hours and lived on the trail for months at a time instead of living a romantic, gunslinging lifestyle.

Trail of Tears

The result of the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 being enforced on the Cherokee tribe.

Motive for Destruction of Buffalo

To eliminate the important source of food, shelter, clothing and tools for the Plains Indians.

Battle of Little Bighorn Results

Resulted in the massacre of George Custer and the entire 7th Calvary in 1876 and hurt the Native American cause due to the image it created.

Federal Government Encouragement of Railroads

By the Pacific Railway Act and the gift of free land for building track in the West.

American Population in the West (1850 v 1900)

Went from 1% to 30%.

Women's Freedom in the West

Opportunity to vote and hold public office.

Farmers Problems with the Railroads

Higher rates for transporting their crops to market and charging more for short trips than much longer trips in other parts of the country.

Farmer's Use of Grange and Farmer's Alliances

To fight against the power of the railroads and their monopoly in the West.

Populism

To give more power to the people and to pay attention to the needs of the common man.

Dawes Act of 1887

To break up the reservation lands to sell much of it to settlers and to encourage Americanization of the Native American tribes.

Sand Creek Massacre

Colonel Chivington and his men massacred 150 mostly women and children in Colorado. Chivington wasn't held responsible because he was following orders.

Plains Indians Culture

The buffalo and the horse.

Springtime Roundup

Cowboys would go out on the range and gather all of the cattle they could find with their brand on them and bring them into the corral.

End of Open Range Cattle Farming

Bad weather, barbed wire and other new technologies, a drop in beef prices due to a surplus and a shortage of good grazing land.

Reservation System Purpose

To clear federal lands for settlement by railroads, ranchers and farmers.

Push Factors going to the West

Lack of opportunities and the overcrowded cities of the East.

Granger Laws Intended Goal

To protect the interests of farmers against the overcharging of the railroads.

Buffalo Soldiers Significance

The oppressed were now becoming the oppressors by joining the fight against the Native Americans to take their land.

Bessemer Process

Caused the impurities to be removed creating much stronger steel.

Increased Standard of Living

Led to increased immigration from Europe.

Granger Law Led To…

Government regulating the railroads in order to protect farmers and the best interest of the public.

Interstate Commerce Act Purpose

To allow the government to supervise the railroads for the good of the public.

Industrial Consolidation

Large corporations bought the stock of smaller corporations in an attempt to monopolize and industry.

John D. Rockefeller in the Oil Industry

Owner of Standard Oil Company which controlled up to 90% of the nation's oil refining.

Great Strike of 1877

A railroad strike which lasted for more than a week until the president intervened and declared the strikers were impeding interstate commerce and he sent in federal troops to end the strike.

Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act

Relating to the government's role in business.

Social Darwinism

A "survival of the fittest" economic system. Those who were stronger of more economically fit would succeed while those who were less fit would fail.

Causes of the Industrial Boom After the Civil War

1) tremendous natural resources; 2) government support for business; 3) massive growth of cities

Electricity and Steel Effect

Made significant changes for business and the daily lives of people and their standard of living.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

Resulted from a railroad company submitting an inflated contract which allowed a group of politicians to pocket huge profits from the railroad construction project.

Horizontal and Vertical Integration

Systems where a corporation would buy all of its suppliers to control its costs and the market.

Munn v. Illinois Supreme Court Decision

The government has the authority to regulate business for the public's best interest.

Effect of the Haymarket Affair

Cause the public view organized labor negatively as violent.

American Federation of Labor Characteristics

Led by Samuel Gompers, it represented skilled workers and it represented workers in negotiations with management for improved wages, hours and working conditions.

Labor for the Transcontinental Railroad

Provided mostly by the Chinese and the Irish.

Inventions that Affected Office Work

The telephone and the typewriter; created new jobs for women.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Led to New York City adopting the strictest fire code of any American city.

"Melting Pot"

Encouraged a mixture of people of different cultures and races to blend, together by abandoning their native languages and customs to form an American culture.

Nativism Effect on Immigration

Led to restrictions on immigration. Nativism was the belief that native-born Americans should receive favoritism.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Led to the end of Chinese immigration to the U.S. from 1882-1943.

Ellis Island

Served as the chief immigration processing station on the east coast of the U.S. Over 17 million people entered the U.S. there.

Asian Immigration

Came primarily from China (300,000 between 1850 and 1883) and Japan (200,000 between 1900 and 1924).

European Immigration (1870-1920)

1) 1870-1890 Primarily Northern and Western Europe 1890-1920 Primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe 2) This period saw millions of immigrants entering the United States, driven by factors such as economic opportunity, political unrest, and religious persecution.

Urbanization

Massive growth of cities due to business and immigration.

Americanization Movement

To assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant American culture.

African Americans Move North

1) To escape racial violence; 2) more economic opportunities; 3) increased political freedom

Settlement Houses

To open community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to the people of the area, particularly immigrants.

Political Machines

To organize a group of political organizers who controlled the activities of a political party in order to control the city. Often offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.

Graft in American Politics

Using a person's political position for personal gain.

Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

Personified the problem of graft and corruption in big city government in America. He was convicted on 120 counts and sentenced to prison, later escaping, before being captured in Spain.

Patronage

Elected officials to give jobs to their political supporters regardless of qualifications.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

James Garfield was assassinated by a man who felt he was owed a job. (patronage) LedPresident Chester Arthur to push for a professional system for hiring government workers.

Grover Cleveland Unique Position

Only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms. (1885-1889 and 1893-1897) until Donald Trump.

Food Administration

Assist production and conservation of food resources to be able to provide for the soldiers in WWI in order to win the war.

W.E.B. DuBois during WWI

Urged fellow African Americans to put aside their differences to support the war effort in World War I.