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What battle marked a major Soviet victory and a turning point on the Eastern Front in WWII?

Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942–February 1943).

Who led the Soviet counterattack that surrounded German forces at Stalingrad?

General Georgy Zhukov.

What major amphibious invasion did the Allies launch in November 1942 in North Africa?

Operation Torch.

What was the significance of the Battle of El Alamein in October 1942?

It marked the British defeat of Rommel’s Afrika Korps and prevented Axis control of Egypt and the Suez Canal.

What was the major Allied operation to invade France on June 6, 1944?

D-Day or the Normandy Invasion.

Which German counteroffensive in December 1944 temporarily halted the Allied advance?

Battle of the Bulge.

What river did American forces cross in March 1945 after capturing the Remagen bridge?

The Rhine River.

What was the last major battle in the Pacific before an invasion of Japan was planned?

Battle of Okinawa (Spring 1945).

Who commanded the Allied forces in Operation Torch and the Normandy Invasion?

General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Who was the leader of Free France and its government-in-exile?

General Charles de Gaulle.

What Nazi leader committed suicide in April 1945 as Berlin fell?

Adolf Hitler.

What Japanese prime minister led Japan into WWII?

General Hideki Tojo.

What Soviet leader played a central role in wartime strategy and postwar negotiations?

Joseph Stalin.

What was the German defensive line called, which the Allies breached in 1945?

The Siegfried Line.

What new weapons did the Germans use against Britain in 1944-45, introducing the missile age?

Jet-propelled flying bombs and rockets (e.g., V-1 and V-2).

What was the main goal of the Allies’ strategic bombing campaign over Germany?

To destroy German war production and infrastructure.

What U.S. project developed the atomic bomb?

The Manhattan Project.

What document outlined Allied goals for the postwar world and was signed by Roosevelt and Churchill in 1941?

The Atlantic Charter.

What event caused the U.S. to enter WWII on December 7, 1941?

Attack on Pearl Harbor.

What agreement led to the partition of Poland and Soviet occupation of the Baltic states?

Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939).

What formalized the Allied nations’ commitment to defeat the Axis and avoid separate peace deals?

United Nations Declaration (January 1942).

What Japanese cities were devastated by atomic bombs in August 1945?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

What conference in February 1945 determined the postwar division of Europe?

Yalta Conference.

What was the systematic genocide of Jews by the Nazis called?

The Holocaust.

What was the estimated number of Jewish victims during the Holocaust?

Approximately 6 million.

What camp was a major Nazi extermination center where 12,000 victims were killed daily at its peak?

Auschwitz.

What role did American women play during WWII?

They took up industrial and defense jobs in large numbers.

How many total deaths resulted from WWII, according to some estimates?

Approximately 60 million.

Which countries suffered the highest military deaths in WWII?

The Soviet Union (~6 million), Germany (~3.5 million), and China (~2.2 million).

What percentage of the European Jewish population was killed during the Holocaust?

Approximately two-thirds.

What was the significance of the American and British victory in the Atlantic by 1943?

It allowed safe passage of troops and supplies to Europe, critical for the Allied war effort.

What principle did the Allies emphasize in their postwar agreements such as the Atlantic Charter?

Freedom from fear and want, and opposition to aggression.