Forensics Fingerprints Test

Dactyoscopy

study of fingerprints

Herschel did…

required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts; means of identifying prisoners

Faulds did…

claimed that fingerprints dont change over time

Bertillon…

body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry

Galton was…

“daddy” of identification of loops, whorls, and arches

Herry did..

Numerical classification system

Vucetich

developed fingerprint classification that’s used in Spanish speaking countries

AFIS

Automated fingerprint identification system

-Began in early 1970s

by 1990s most jurisdictions had their own system

what was the problem with AFIS?

a persons fingerprint may be in one AFIS but not others

IAFIS

The FBI’ s Integrated AFIS system, a national data base

What are fingerprints? (M/C) (T/F)

-Formed at the begining of the 10th week of gestation (MC)|

-Happens in the basal layer of the skin(TF)

-protected by the outer layer of the epidermis (TF)

Fundamental Principles of fingerprints: (TF)

-fingerprint is an individual characteristic

-will remain unchanged during a person’s lifetime

-have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified

Name all ridge characteristics:

Ridge ending, biforcation, island, dot, bridge, hook, eye, enclosure, double biforcation, delta, triforcation, specitality, core, crossover

characteristic of the arch pattern and its 2 types

enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle

-do NOT have any type of lines, deltas, or cores

2 types: Plain, tented

characteristic of the Loop pattern and its 2 types

-must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side

-MUST HAVE one delta

2 types: Radial: opens towards the thumb;

Ulnar: opens towards the pinky

characteristic of the whorl pattern and its 4 types

-plain or central pocket; at least 1 ridge that makes a complete circuit.

-have at least 1 delta and a core

4 types: plain, central pocket, double loop, accidental

Primary classification:

what was the Henry classification for fingers?

FBI classification that each finger has a point value:

Right: T-16, point-16, M-8, R-8, Pinky-4

Left: T-4, point-2, M-2, R-1, Pinky-1

what was the equation to find the point value classification and what type of print does it count for?

Only for whorls:

R.Index, R.Ring, L.Thumb, L. Middle, L.pinky+1/ R. Thumb, R.middle, R.Pinky, L.Index, L,ring +1

what are the 3 types of glands do secretions come from S/A

*Eccrine- largely water w/both inorganic (ammonia) and organic (Amino acids)

Apocrine-secrete pharmones

Sebaceous- fatty or greasy substances

Developing fingerprints requires

a substance that interacts W/ secretions that caused the print to stnd out

What are the 5 substances that are used to develop latent fingerprints

Powders-adhere to both water and fatty deposits

Iodine- fumes react w/oils and fats to produce a yellow/brown color

Ninhydrin- reacts w/ amino acids; makes purple color

Silver Nitrate- reacts w/chloride to form silver chloride

Cyanoacrylate: “super glue” fumes react w/water

alternative light sources were used to view what and when

Latent fingerprints and was first used by FBI in 1987

Rolled prints

rolled ink prints

primary identification #

Lifting prints

Black, white, and flourencence powder (physical)

Chemical: ninhydrin, iodine, silver nitrate, cyansacrylate

what are the other types of prints aside form fingerprints

Palm (friction ridges can be used as identification)

lips

teeth

foot (Size: foot and toes, friction ridges on both)

shoe (compared and identified by type, brand, year of purchase, and wear pattern)

voice (electronic pulses on a spectrograph)

ear (shape, length, width), and eye

Lip patterns

short vertical lines, short horizontal, cross hatching, branching grooves, diamond grooves, long vertical, rectangle

Teeth can be identified bc

bite marks are unique

Blood vessel patterns…

MAY be unique to individuals..retina and pupil can be used too

what are bio metrics

use some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification

Bertillon system may actually be the first use of Biometry system

used today in conjunction w/AFIS

EX: retinal or iris [patterns, voice recordings, hand geomotry

Other functions: used to control access to cell phones, can identify a person, prevent identity theft

Teeth marks can…

-show up under UV light (if old)

-used to identify bodies

-children have 20 teeth, adults have 32

Eyes have…

-network of blood vessels in the retina (purkinje tree)

-retina forms the innermost o f3 layers

-contains light receptiors (senstive to bringht light)

-Retina are unique to each person

What is the purkinje tree named after

after Johannes Purkinje (1787-1869) the Czech physiologist who discovered the structure

Who developed the Berillonage system

1882, Alphonse Bertillon, Director of the Identification Bureau of the Paris prefecture of Police

-US adapted this in 1887

-this system relied on specific measurements of a person’s body

teeth graph

lip patterns

eye graph

Francisca Rojas case

lady killed her 2 kids; first time fingerprints were used used as evidence

Stephen Cowan

police shot with his own gun, assailant drank from a cup and investigators use the prints from that to convict him

Hamm kidnapping

Hamm was kidnapped by a gang and forced to write ransom notes which had the gang’s fingerprints all over it