AP Euro 4.2&4.4: Scientific Revolution, 18th Century Society, and Demographics

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Ptolemaic System

the geocentric model of the universe that prevailed in the Middle Ages; named after the astronomer Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria during the second century

Geocentric Model

A representation of the universe in which stars and planets revolve around Earth. Ptolemy proposed the model.

Heliocentric Model

A representation of the relationship between the Sun and planets in which the planets revolve around the Sun. Copernicus proposed the model.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Novum Organum (1620)

Francis Bacon's teachings viewing the mind as a new organ based on inductive reasoning

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

1. French philosopher and mathematician

2. Used deductive reasoning from self-evident principles to reach scientific laws

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

Galen

Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)

Humoral Theory

A concept of health proposed by Hippocrates that considered wellness a state of perfect equilibrium among four basic body fluids, called humors. Sickness was believed to be the result of disturbances in the balance of humors.

William Harvey (1578-1657)

He discovered the circulation of blood through veins and arteries in 1628, and he was the first to explain that the heart worked like a pump. He also explained the function of its muscles and valves.

Integrated System

In William Harvey's De Motu Cordis(1628), the heart is viewed as a pump and the body is a mechanical system that circulated blood through veins and arteries leading to modern physiology and medicine

Alchemy

medieval chemical philosophy based on changing metal into gold; a seemingly magical power or process of transmutation

Astrology

theory of the influence of planets and stars on human events and the lives of humans; for example, star placement in repsect to the Earth may determine timing for good deeds

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.

Enclosure Movements

In England, where small land holders resisted the end of the open field, Parliament enacted legislation allowing agricultural lands to be legally enclosed as a result, England became a land of large estates, and many small farmers were forced to become wage-laborers or tenant farmers working farms of 100-500 acres.

Crop Rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Food Security

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Coffee Houses

These play a huge role in the Age of Enlightenment. Come from the ottoman empire to Europe. They are costly, so they serve as a status symbol, allowing aristocrats to discuss ideology.

Salons

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas; usually hosted by women in their mansions or summer houses

Family Planning

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

Émile

Written by Rousseau in 1762 and it emphasized nurturing of children and individualized education; these were catered to middle-class audiences who actually had money to afford schooling for their child(ren)

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Consumer Culture

a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in the people themselves but in the products with which they surround themselves

Manchester

City in England; one of the leading industrial areas; example of an Industrial Revolution City; first major rail line linked Manchester to Liverpool in 1830.

Cholera

an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food

John Snow

"Father of Epidemiology", studied the London Cholera epidemics of 1848 & 1854, suspected it was from the water, as most cases were found close to the Broad Street pump; most famous for breaking/turning off the pump