HUBS 191 Human Body Systems Terminology

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards based on the lecture notes covering human body systems and anatomical terminology.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions within the body.

Anatomical Position

The standard body position used as a reference point in anatomy, where a person stands upright, faces forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

Anterior

Referring to the front of the body.

Posterior

Referring to the back of the body.

Superior

Referring to a position above or higher than another part of the body.

Inferior

Referring to a position below or lower than another part of the body.

Medial

Referring to a position towards the midline of the body.

Lateral

Referring to a position away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Referring to a position closer to the point of attachment or origin.

Distal

Referring to a position further away from the point of attachment or origin.

Superficial

Referring to a position closer to the surface of the body.

Deep

Referring to a position further from the surface of the body.

Coronal Plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into left and right sections.

Transverse Plane

A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

Flexion

A movement that decreases the angle between parts of the body.

Extension

A movement that increases the angle between parts of the body.

Dorsiflexion

The movement that brings the toes towards the face.

Plantarflexion

The movement that points the toes towards the ground.

Abduction

Movement that moves a limb away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement that moves a limb towards the midline of the body.

Inversion

Movement of the sole of the foot towards the midline.

Eversion

Movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline.

Circumduction

A circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Rotation

Movement around the long axis of a joint.

Pronation

A movement that turns the palm to face posterior.

Supination

A movement that turns the palm to face anterior.

Feedback mechanism

Processes that maintain homeostasis by returning a variable to its set-point when it deviates.

Feedforward mechanism

Processes that anticipate changes in a controlled variable to minimize deviation.

Set-point

The ideal value for a controlled variable in homeostasis.

Regulatory Mechanisms

Physiological processes that maintain homeostasis.

Spatial Relationships

Terms used to describe the location of one structure in relation to another.

Terms of Movement

Specific terminology used to describe the actions of joints in the body.

Upper Limb

The region of the body that includes the arm, forearm, and hand.

Lower Limb

The region of the body that includes the thigh, leg, and foot.

Normal Range

The acceptable limits of a controlled variable for maintaining homeostasis.

Body Planes

Imaginary lines that divide the body into different sections for analysis.

Anatomical Terminology

Specific vocabulary used to describe the parts of the body accurately.

Movement in the Sagittal Plane

Includes flexion and extension of limbs.

Movement in the Coronal Plane

Includes abduction and adduction of limbs.

Movement in the Transverse Plane

Includes rotational movements.

Feedback Response

The body's reaction to restore a controlled variable to its set-point.

Controlled Variables

Physiological measurements such as temperature, ion concentrations, and blood sugar levels.

Anticipatory Mechanisms

Processes that prepare the body for expected changes.

Homeostatic Imbalance

Conditions arising when the body cannot maintain homeostasis.

Physiological Adaptation

Changes in body functions in response to external stimuli.

Action Potential

A temporary reversal of the electrical potential across cell membranes triggered during nerve impulses.

Etymology

The study of the origin of words and how their meanings have changed.

Scientific Names

Accurate terminologies used in anatomy to avoid confusion.

Functional Position

The position of the body where the limbs and organs are placed optimally for function.

Movement Terms

Specific terms used to describe the various types of movement at joints.

Nomenclature

The system of naming in science, especially anatomical terms.

Clinical Anatomy

A branch of anatomy that focuses on the structures of the body in relation to clinical practice.

Tissue Types

The four basic types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Sectioning Planes

Divisions of the body to study its anatomy from different perspectives.

Intersectionality in Anatomy

Understanding how different body systems interact with each other.

Functional Anatomy

Study of the correlation between anatomical structures and their functions.

Homeostatic Feedback Loop

A continuous cycle involving a stimulus, receptor, control center, and an effector.

Anatomical Variations

Differences in anatomy that may occur among individuals.

Directional Terms

Words used to explain the positions of structures in relation to others.

Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that contain internal organs.

Serous Membranes

Thin membranes that cover the organs in the body cavities.

Physiological Rhythms

Biological processes that display regular fluctuations.

Anatomy vs Physiology

Anatomy is the study of form, while physiology is the study of function.

Structural Organization

Levels of organization in the body: cells, tissues, organs, and systems.

Somatic Nervous System

The part of the peripheral nervous system associated with voluntary control of body movements.