MOD 1 TEST (DONE 1-3)

Anatomy

Study of the shape and structure of an organism’s body

Physiology

Study of the function of body parts and how they work together to form the complete living organism

Gross anatomy

Study of large and easily observable structures on an organism; Seen in dissection and visible inspection with the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy

Requiring the use of microscopes to see fine details of organs

Histology (Branch of Microscopic anatomy)

study of the tissues and organs that make up the entire human body

Anatomical position

body is erect, face forward, arms at the side, palms forward

Posterior/dorsal

means “back” or “in back of”

Lateral

away from the midline or toward the side of the body

Proximal

toward the point of attachment

Superficial

on or near the surface of the body

Sagittal plane-

divides the body into left and right parts

Midsagittal plane-

divides the body equally into left and right parts

Coronal plane-

vertical cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse plane-

horizontal cut dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

9 Abdominopelvic Regions - Left and right hypochondriac regions ____

just below the ribs (lateral)

Q: What regions are lateral to the umbilical region?

A: The left and right lumbar regions.

• 9 Abdominopelvic Regions

  • Hypogastric

    • Also referred to as the pubic area 

    • contains the ____

unirary  bladder;

Q: What regions are lateral to the Hypogastric region?

Left and right iliac regions (lateral)

Respiration how gases are transferred between ___

the lungs and the blood vessels supplying them

Homeostasis

Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits using feedback mechanisms

effector-

brings  about change

What type of feedback loop do most homeostatic mechanisms use?

Negative Feedback

How does a negative feedback mechanism work to maintain balance?

It operates around a set value (like a home thermostat) and generates responses that reverse disturbances to the body's condition.

What is normal human body temperature?

98.6°F

How does the body respond via negative feedback when core temperature rises?

The hypothalamus sends a signal causing blood vessels to dilate and sweat glands to release sweat.

If we work outside in July and our temperature increases the hypothalamus sends a signal causing blood vessels to ___and sweat glands to release —-

dilate; sweat 

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions in the human body

Anabolism

Building up of complex materials from simpler ones;

Anabolism (does or doesn’t require energy)

DOES require energy

Catabolism

Breaking down and changing of complex substances into simpler ones

EXAMPLES OF MATTER IN THE HUMAN BODY

SOLID: Bone

LIQUID: Blood

GAS: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide

CHEMISTRY

THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER AND THE COMPOSITION OF SUBSTANCES, THEIR PROPERTIES, AND THEIR CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

MATTER

ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE

CHEMICAL CHANGE-

ENZYMES AND DIGESTIVE JUICES CHANGING THE FOOD CHEMICALLY INTO A NEW FORM

ENERGY-

ABILITY TO DO WORK OR PUT MATTER INTO MOTION

ISOTOPES-

ATOMS OF A SPECIFIC ELEMENT THAT HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS BUT A DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

BONES CONTAIN THE ELEMENT __

CALCIUM

AIR ENTERING THE LUNGS CONTAINS THE ELEMENT ___

OXYGEN

TABLE SALT- FORMED BY ___

1 SODIUM AND 2 CHLORINE (SODIUM CHLORIDE)

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS- CONTAIN THE ELEMENTS __(3)

CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN

IONIC BOND-

FORMED WHEN ONE ATOM GIVES UP AN ELECTRON TO ANOTHER ATOM 

COVALENT BOND

FORMED WHEN ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS TO FILL THEIR OUTERMOST ELECTRON SHELLS

ELECTROLYTES (examples)

SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORINE, PHOSPHATE, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS - MADE OF MOLECULES THAT DO NOT CONTAIN ___ (1)

CARBON

MOST IMPORTANT INORGANIC COMPOUND

WATER

CONSIDERED THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT AS MORE SUBSTANCES DISSOLVE IN WATER THAN IN ANY OTHER FLUID

WATER

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

FOUND IN LIVING THINGS; ALWAYS CONTAIN CARBON ALONG WITH HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

4 MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• CARBOHYDRATES

• LIPIDS

• PROTEINS

• NUCLEIC ACIDS

SUGARS THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN ANY FURTHER

MONOSACCHARIDES

MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY IN CELLS

GLUCOSE

SUCROSE (DISACCHARIDES)

TABLE SUGAR

MALTOSE (DISACCHARIDES)

MALT SUGAR FOUND IN BREAD, CEREAL, BREWED BEVERAGES (BEER)

LACTOSE (DISACCHARIDES)

SUGAR FOUND IN MILK

STARCH (POLYSACCHARIDES)

• FOUND IN GRAIN PRODUCTS AND ROOT VEGETABLES SUCH AS POTATOES 

CELLULOSE (POLYSACCHARIDES)

FOUND IN THE CELL WALLS OF PLANTS

GLYCOGEN (POLYSACCHARIDES)

EXCESS GLUCOSE STORED IN THE LIVER

____, ALSO CALLED FATS

LIPIDS

TRIGLYCERIDES - MAKE UP ___ OF FATS IN THE HUMAN BODY

MAKE UP 95% OF FATS IN THE HUMAN BODY

STEROIDS - NECESSARY FOR MANUFACTURING

VITAMIN D

PROTEINS THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS

CATALYSIS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, BODY DEFENSES AND MOVEMENT

POLYMERS MADE UP OF ____

AMINO ACID MONOMERS

_____ ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS

AMINO ACIDS

SPECIALIZED PROTEIN MOLECULES FOUND IN ALL LIVING CELLS

ENZYMES

ENZYMES - HOW HELP?

HELP CONTROL CHEMICAL REACTIONS BY SPEEDING UP THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION OR BY LOWERING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY OF THE REACTION 

STORE GENETIC INFORMATION  - ____ ACIDS

NUCLEIC

3 PARTS OF A NUCLEOTIDE

• PHOSPHATE GROUP

• 5 CARBON SUGAR

  • EITHER RIBOSE, OR DEOXYRIBOSE

• NITROGENOUS BASE

  • ADENINE, THYMINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE

2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA, RNA

DNA CONTAINS THE SUGAR ____

DEOXYRIBOSE

DNA BASES

CONTAIN THE BASES ADENINE, THYMINE, GUANINE, AND CYTOSINE

EVERY CELL EXCEPT GAMETES (SEX CELLS) CONTAIN ____

46 CHROMOSOMES OR 23 PAIRS

RNA BASES

CONTAIN THE BASES ADENINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE, AND URACIL (INSTEAD OF THYMINE)

DNA IS __ STRANDED AND RNA IS __ STRANDED

DNA - DOUBLE

RNA - SINGLE

ACIDS

• SUBSTANCE WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER RELEASES HYDROGEN IONS

• pH LESS THAN 7

BASES

• SUBSTANCE WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER RELEASES HYDROXIDE IONS (OH)

• pH GREATER THAN 7

BASES HAVE A ___ TASTE

BITTER

TO NEUTRALIZE A BASE AN ___ MUST BE ADDED

ACID

pH SCALE RANGES??

RANGES FROM 0-14

# IS CONSIDERED NEUTRAL AS HYDROGEN IONS EQUAL HYDROXIDE IONS

7

NORMAL BLOOD pH RANGES FROM _____

7.35-7.45

What is the primary function of buffers in the body?

To resist pH changes in order to keep the body in homeostasis.

What compound commonly acts as a buffer in many living organisms?

Sodium bicarbonate

Plasma membrane

Phospholipid bilayer that separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment

Centrioles

Function in mitosis to form the spindle fibers

Mitochondria Produces(synthesizes) most of the body cell’s ____

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

ATP is also known as ___

energy

Cells that require more energy contain a greater number of ___

mitochondria

Lysosomes

helps digest old, worn out cells, bacteria, and foreign matter

Flagella

single whip-like tail

Flagella EXAMPLE IN HUMAN

Only example is on the sperm of males used to propel the sperm toward the egg in females

Mitosis ORDER

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Prophase

Centrioles begin migrating to opposite ends of the cell

Anaphase

Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

Necrosis

• Unprogrammed or accidental cell/tissue death 

• Caused by injury, infection, cancer, blood clot, toxins, and inflammation

Apoptosis

• Programmed or intentional death 

• Cell initiates, regulates, and executes its own death 

• Important in development to separate the fingers and toes

The building blocks that form the DNA double helix are called __

nucleotides

Plasma membrane controls what may enter and exit a cell; Known as —-

selective permeability

Passive Transport- Moves from an area of __

high concentration to an area of low concentration

Active Transport- Moves from an area of __

low concentration to high concentration (against the gradient)

Passive Transport examples

Includes simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration 

Active Transport examples

Includes active transport, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis