Actual SS Study Guide

Treaty of Versailles

punishment for Germany. new german gov must surrender 10% of its prewar territory and colonies

February/March Revolution 1917 (Russia)

Causes: -Absolutism -poor living/working conditions due to industrial revolution issues -growing influence of radical ideologies ex. communism, socialism, anarchism -reactionary cycle -issues from WWI

October (Bolshevik) Revolution 1917

led by Vladmir Lenin, believed russian gov should be marxist. Lenin took full control and called for bolshevik rev.

Bolshevik vs Menshevik

B: member of majority. Believed in highly centralized party of professional revolutionaries. scorned other ideologies. believed russie could directly go to communist society.

Vladimir Lenin

Led Bolsheviks. When he ruled, at peace but starving with famine. Cheka the secret police arrested counterrevolutionaries and turned into the red terror.

russian civil war

1918-1920: romanovs executed by bolsheviks. communism succeeded but futhered anti communism. Russian gov was fully bolshevik after civil war

Totalitarian vs. Authoritarian

total\=all facets of life controlled by state

Benito Mussolini

Orginally member of socialist party but founded fascist party in 1919 after experience in WWI. Argued only a strong leader could unite the poeple of Italy. After marches and protests, King gave in and apointed Mussolini as Prime Minister. Wanted to create a new Roman Empire.

Fascism

a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition

Adolf Hitler

Young Hitler looked up to Mussolini and utilized many of his tactics and policies. Formed alliance during WWI with Mussolini. Mussolini looked down on Hitler viewing Nazism as simplistic and barbaric.

Nazism

emerged from german nationalist, rascist, and paramilitary culture. Fought against communist uprisiings in past WWI Germany. Founded by Anton Draxler in 1919. Hitler attendted meeting and took over party through his energy and oratorical skills.

Getulio Vargas

Brazil has revolution in 1930 and old republic president Washington Luis leaves power, succeeded by Getulio Vargas. Landed populist and seizes power after disputed election. 1934: vargas starts to lose control of coalitions and enacts fascist tactics. Centralizes authority in rio, instituting command economy. Eventually forced out by own ministers.

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

an economic policy that favors developing domestic industries and reducing reliance on manufactured foreign imports. it is an economic theory adhered to by developing countries that wish to decrease their dependence on developed countries

estado novo

means new state, refers to the time period in which Getulio Vargas took power through coup d'etat, ruling brazil as dictator.

(failure of) the league of nations

the league failed to intervene in many conflicts leading up to WWII. The onset of the war demonstrated the league failed its primary purpose. To prevent another world war from occuring.

lebensraum

"living space" german concept of expansionism. drove military conquests and racial policies.

anchluss

annexation of the federal state of austria into the german reich.

policy of appeasement

diplomatic policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict. (meat riding enemy to avoid conflict) appease-a "please"

munich conference/nazi soviet pact (molotic-ribbentrop pact)

hitler's demands were all met. hitler promised he wouldn't do anything bad after if he was given what he wanted. Hitler signed a non-aggression pact but invades poland weeks later.

blitzkrieg

"lightning war" a german strategy to avoid a long war, and defeat opponents in short campaigns. Meth

tripartite pact (britain pact)

establishes alliance b/w germany, italy, japan. Meant to deter us from getting involved.

operation barbarossa

the invasion of soviet union by nazi germany and its axis allies. hitler miscalculated soviet union's potential power. despite success, soviet army not eliminated or state collapsed.

pearl harbor

japan declares war on us and britain shortly after the attack. us declares war against japan the same day. britain also declares war after learning their territories have been attacked.

carpet bombing

dropping of large number of bombs to cause uniform devastation. done by both allies and nazi.

allied vs axis

allied: great britain, us, soviet union.

operation overlord/d-day

june 6, 1944. the start of the allied operations ultimately liberating western europe and defeating nazi germany, ending WWII

nuremburg tribunal

first trials of war criminals in history. us, france, uk, ussr, each have one judge. and legal team. 22 nazi leaders tried. some commit suicide before trial. 199 tried, 161 convicted, 37 sentenced to death

yalta conference

roosevelt and churchill discussed with stalin the conditions under which the soviet union would enter the war against japan.

potsdam conference

meeting between the three allies to plan postwar peace.

the marshall plan/european recover program

an american initiative enacted to provide foreign aid to western europe. (economic assitance)

the united nation (un)

an intergovernmental organization whose purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation.

iron curtain

the figurative curtain referring to the political boundary dividing europe into two separte areas at the end of WWII until the end of the cold war.

mutually assured destruction (mad)

maintaining ability to totally destroy each other producing a level of stability.

nuclear deterrence

due to mad, neither side will use nukes

proxy wars/conflicts

an armed conflict b/w two states or groups which act on behalf of other parties not directly involved in the hostilities. in other words, a proxy is the state/group through which cold war was fought.

policy of containment

economic and military assistance to prevent spread of communism.

truman doctrine

an american foreign policy that pledges american support for democracies against authoritarian threats. primary goal is to contain soviet expansion.

domino theory

the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, in this case communism spreading.

berlin airlift

soviet union blocked the western allies railway, roads, and canal access to the sectors of britain under western control.

non aligned movment

founded 1961: dedicated to represent interest in developing countries. members should abstain from allying w/ either superpower (us/ussr) and instead join together to support each other against the forces off colonialism and imperialism.

de-stalinzation

closing of gulags, destruction of monuments and renaming of streets.

khrushchev's policy of peaceful coexistence

preferred peaceful coexistence w/ capitalist nations/creating more postive views of soviet union

dollar diplomacy

us gov and corporations working together. sending money for cooperation

big stick diplomacy

"speak softly and carry a big stick;you will go far"-theodore roosevelt. (intimidation)

good neighbor policy

emphasize cooperation and trade rather than military force

inter-american treaty of reciprocal assistance (rio pact) 1947

an attack against one is to be considered an attack against all. "hemispheric defense" doctrine

organization of american states (oas)

created in 1948 to promote hemispheric solidarity. called for equal treatment but us ends up using to its advantage for containment.

united fruit company

owned half a million acres of land, controlled main port, railroad, and telecommunications

the dulles brothers

John foster dulles: us secretary of state, one of lawyers for ufc

decade of spring (in guatemala)

highlights the peak years of representative democracy in guatemala from 1930 to end of civil war in 1996. implementation of social, political, and especially agrarian reforms which were influential across all of latin america.

guatemalan coup of 1954

jacobo arbenz guzman was overthrown in a cia sponsored coup to protect profits of the ufc. 9000 of arbenz supporters arrested and some never seen again. "elections" held and castillo takes power.

the silent holocaust 1978-83

leftist guerilla movements retaliated vioently and targeted us military advisor. killings of civilians, especially those of mayan origin, as part of anti-revolution operations during guatemalan civil war. 626 villages destroyed, 200,000 were killed or disappeared. discplaced 1.5 million.

juan peron/infamous decade

yriogyen overthrown by general jose felix uriburu ushering in the infamous decade. ultimately colonel but emerges as populist "man of the people" leaders imprison to try to stifle popularity but has opposite effect. peron takes power, but not pres until 1946. wife evita is popular. claimed to be democratic but actually an authoritarian form. not fascist but liked nazi. because popular, seeked whatever policies/beliefs that would be favorable. very fluctuating and iffy.

peronism

(nazism and antisemitism)

operation condor

isabel peron's removal was one of many in the cone of south america, backed by us as part of operation condor to prevent spread of communism. goal was to save western civs and prevent WWIII

national reorganizatin process, "the process"

the military dictatorship that ruled argentina from 1976 to 1983 which was supported by us until 1982. 1. abduction, 2. torture, 3. arrest, 4. execution

the dirty war

after coup removing isabel peron, a military dictatorship (junta) began. enacts period of extreme violence and repression of any political dissentient.

madres de plaza mayo

started april 1977 when group of mothers protested infront of presidential palace. mothers of the disappeared, especially pregnant women who abducted and gave birth. white head scares to represent justice and baby diapers. junta tried to suppress but outcry was too great. asking gov to find grandchildren. still occurs every thursday 3:30pm

cuban revolution

fidel castro led the guerilla war against batista's forces

cuban missile crisis

direct and dangerous confrontation between the us and soviety union during the cold war. the moment when two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict.