Unit 3 part 2

Agricultural Revolution

The innovations in farm production that began in the 18th century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture.

Crop rotation

A method of planting different crops in a specific order to improve soil fertility and increase agricultural yield.

Enclosure movement

The process of enclosing land and putting hedges or fences around it, which ended the open field system and allowed individuals to have their own fields.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrialization and technological advancements that began in the 18th century and transformed society, economy, and manufacturing processes.

Private Property Rights

The legal rights and protections granted to individuals and companies to own, use, and dispose of property as they see fit.

Free market capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of property and the operation of businesses with minimal government interference, where prices and goods are determined by supply and demand.

Steam engine

An engine that uses steam to generate power, which revolutionized transportation and manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution.

Railroads

A system of tracks and trains used for transportation of goods and people, which played a crucial role in the expansion of industrialization and trade.

Middle class

A social class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, consisting of non-noble individuals who were self-made and held economic power.

Working class

The class of manual workers who labored in factories and manufacturing centers during the Industrial Revolution, often enduring poor working conditions and low wages.

First wave feminism

The movement in the 19th century where women sought political power and suffrage.

Marxism/Communism

The socioeconomic system proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, which aims to eliminate class conflicts and private property.

Anarchism

The belief that all forms of government and authority are oppressive and corrupt, advocating for the violent overthrow of all governments.

19th century socialist policies

Policies where the government controls the economy or private property in some way, such as worker protection laws in Britain.

World trade and economic imperialism

The increase in global trade and the domination of European and American businesses in the 19th century.

Single export economies

Economies heavily reliant on exporting raw materials, such as Mexico's metals or Brazil's coffee and cocoa.

19th century imperialism

The acquisition of territory by European and American powers for resources or new markets.

Economic imperialism

The domination of international markets by European and American businesses.

Transcontinental business

Companies that operate internationally to reach new markets, such as Unilever in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo.