Unit 3 part 2
Unit 3 part 2:Industrial Revolution
Part VI: Agriculture Revolution
Agricultural Changes
At 1700- Europe economy is largely agrarian
At 80% of population is involved in agriculture (Hugher in E.Europe)
Agricultural yield was low (N. Italy 1:5.5 bushels)
Famine is a real threat
Rural population. is largely poor
Traditional farming methods
Open field system sharing the village fields
Fields rotation (Three year cycle)
High taxes _ High rents (Worse in E. Europe-Serfdom)
Changes in agricultural technology and method will increase yield and help increase population
Crop rotation
Later impact of Sci revolution
Enclosure movement impact on village life
Some nobles didn’t adopt it
England and low Countries (Holland and Belgium adopted it extensively)
The Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural revolution :The innovations in farm production that began in the 18th century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture
Major milestone in human civilization
Impact of the scientific revolution’s experimental method was great
Application of scientific ideas - crop rotation most important feature
Agricultual changes (CONT’D)
Dutch and English lead the waay
Netherlands
Trade= Growth of cities/towns
Amsterdam- 1700’s increases pop
Need for Ag products
Now methods rewarded with lots of business
Drainage of marshes/ swamps = a very successful agricultural system that gets modeled in england
England (acts of union-1707)
English agriculture crop rotation irrigation and drainage Jethro tull
Horse vs oxen
Drill seeding
Enclousre movement
Enclousure movement
Simply Enclosing the land
Put an end to common land and open field system
Open fields were divided up and everyone who could prove they owned some land ould get a share
Dividing the open land into small fields putting hedges and fences around them
Everyone had their own fields and could use them how they wished
Open land and common land would also be enclosed and divided
Agricultural revolution
Agricultural revolution
Ho did the agricultural revolution lead to the industrial one
When farming method improved food supplies increased and so did enlands population increased demand for goods
Small farmers lost their land to enclosed farm and become factory works
How did an abundance of natural resources contribute to the industrial revolution
Natural resources such as coal water and iron were ll used to power and make machine
Something about capitalism
Shift from merchantilism
18th century prior encon system became obsolete when faced with increased commerce and population in europe
under the mercantile system the govt and guild controlled workers wage prices and quality tariffs and taxes kept prices very high and innovated kept low as most poepoe could not pursue their own interest
There were few stable banks able to give loans which made starting businesses difficult
While most govt focused on controlling wealth through taxation state control an d guild European investors and businessmen began capitalism
Free market capitalism
As the early modern Era came to a close the health of european became visibily pronounced reveltive to other civilization of the world
Several factors contributed to the rise of European wealth including
Increased money supply due to global trade
Increase in available money via established banks and venture capitalist
Reduction of regulation and taxation due to an increase in private property rights
Some rediited coloanisam and merchantilism for the rise but others such as ADAM SMITH delve more deeply into the factors western wealth
He made a book called The wealth of nations that would help spur industrial revolution free market capitalism
Private Property Rights
Two factors allowed for the incredible period of economic growth and innovation in the west
A reduction of state and guild control allowed market pricing
An increased innovation an increase in money supply for investment freed up more money for starting businesses
Initally the state and guilds kept prices high and controlled industries in an attempt to both enrich the mother countries and keep incomes higher for works
However this increased price as cost were high and alternative options were low
For innovation to occur business would nede the freedom to create lower prices hire motivated good works and pursue their own interests and production methods
As private property laws and protection began to emerge these condictions became increasingly available to individual and companies in part of the EU.
Smiths free market system
According to capitalist theories wealth was not fixed as mercantiles believed but created
Smith and other believed wealth could be created through cheap labor which lowered prices sold more products and created more jobs
To capitalist the state and guilds did not need to control prices but that consumers or the market ould determine the best price and goodss alone
According to smith competitive processes were the best way to ensure low prices quality goods and meet the needs of society
Smith asserted that if any business charades too much or offers product that were lo quality competitors would run them out of business
This mechanism theoretically ensured that businesses would either offer fair prices good quality or both other wise they would go bankrupt
Free market fundamentals
Addionally smith belived lo production cost kept prices low for business owner (supply) hich meant consumers (demand) could save money and buy more
The lower the prices the more disposable income consumers had to buy other goods which would result in more sales and econ growth
To achive this capitalism called for the eleimination of guild controls that limit iovation and control prices as well as tariffs and taxes that raised production cost
To start said business strong financial institution such as banks and venture capitalist were necessary
The invisible Hand
Lastly smith belived all needs ould be met in a laissez faire market in which neither the state nor guilds interfered with production
Smith asserted that the invis hand self interest would result in the needs of society being met
If a new medicine is needed to cure a plague enterepreneur will start businesses to makee money off of producing and selling that new medicine
Other entrepreneurs will also attempt to make that medicine for profit and completing with each other will cause them to lower prices and raise quality
The theoretical result everyone is provided with new medicine that is good in quality and at an affordable price Desire for profit provided.
Unit 3 part: 3The first industrial Revolution
The british textile industry
Chinia and India had dominated manufacturing for centuries untill the emergence of the industrial revolution in great britain
Europeans had a long been producing textiles ith the putting out system which companies paid peasant but chinese and india production was far superior
Britian and other europeans would not surpass china and india until they began to mechanize, meaning replacing human workers which machine
Advantages in great Britain
Early production notpractiulary efficient however since it offen untilized human wind or water power thus limiting location and output
Juames watts revised steam engine 1775 revouliniized power by usual coal very easy to find in britain
Culture of innovation
As britain and the netherlands feature Representitive government that included the urban gentry most tariffs and guild limited were gradually removed in these states
Allowed people and labor to move freely workingor investing to untlizing their natural talents or interest
There governments regonized and applied legally enforced patents to product individual investors or companies who innovated
Western governments began to provide rewards and wards to investors such as the nobel prize
Most evident at the crystal palance exhibition in 1851 here british inventions and manfeactured goods far otunoumber all other fair partitions
Railroads and finance
Made advences in steel products and steam engines
Railroads made transportation costs lowr boosted econ efficiencies
Revolutionized society and travel and additionally requiring governments to standerdized times
Railroads incredibly affection but required a lot of manpower to lay track
Railway networks required a complex and stable banking system in a given polity
The bank of england provided a massive adv for british railroads
Slowed progress on continent
Much of Europe industrialization took longer to take root due to a lack of pro middle class representative governments as well as many conflicts
Eastern europe was still a dom economic force and most continental state remained dependent on agriculture
Unit 3 Part 4: The second industrial revolution
Second industrial Revo 1870-1914 focused mainly on Germany and the US and featured electricity petroleum and increased mechanization
After unification of Germany, the new german government invested heavily into industry to eventually surpass britain
The state invested in the expansion of railroads to connect the new german empire and provide transportation for passengers and economic cargo
They also focused heavily on the development of chemicals like sulfuric acid that bleaches petroleum for more efficient power and developed the Bessemer process, which enhanced the production speed and lowered the cost of steel
Enhanced factory system
Labor as more concisely worked into the factor system where all steps of production are done by specilized workers to complete a whole product
Electric power and larger more complex equipment reduced or eliminate human workers who were limited and could be unfocused or ineffective
Reduction of human workers reduction of accidents and costs and make a larger quanitity of low cost manufactured good far faster than before
Use of interchangeable part allowed for improved repair of machinery and cheaper industrial goods for producers and consumers
Industrial and financial cities
Explainsion of railways and industry led to the groth of major production centers and large scale industrial cities such as liverpool manchester chicago and brussels
Increases in financial institution and shopping center also gave rise to financial cities or districts such as london and ne york and perlin
West railroad expansion was almost completely built by private companies and investors such as the union pacific railway in the U.S
Japan and est europe the explanation of railroads were funded by the government
Should be noted that the state run railways generally took much longer to construct.
The expansion of canals
Steam engines were used to power iron ships that could carry passengers and cargo easily
To navigate waterways canals were made to make more efficient routes
Large scale canals made it possible to to connect major industrial centers
Oceans and sea also were connected by megaporjects to reduce global travel
The emergence of the middle class
18th and 19th centuries made new social classes
Coined the middle class due to their placement between the hereditary nobility and peasantry these were the healthy self made non nobles
Ultra wealthy people were mostly factor plantaintion mine owners bankers or mechants
While they held economic power they were looked down upon by nobles due to their lack of noble blood
As such the modern Era 1750-1900 was defined by a struggle for power between the old elites*Nobles* and the new elites Middle class
The new urban working class
Prior to and during the revolution many peasants left the countryside to work the manufacturing centers
Mostly poor unskilled laboreers who suffered lowe wages and hours of dangerous work
The class of manual workers were coined the working class and ere generally consider urban peasants due to the tendency of companies to manage their lives
Early working class often lived and worked in company towns and were often forced to endure miserable living condictions in a small tentment aparetment
Tension grew beteen the middle and orking class as many companies and governments worked together to stymite or stop working class trikes and unions
Industrial Era Family changes
New classes transformed western and later world society as typical family life adapted to changing economic conditions
Most families of the past were peasnats work lived and worked as general units
The middle class became a fashionable sign of status to have a working father while the mother stayed home to raise and educate kids
In the working class families wer often split off at work into specialized labor
As such working class families lost the tradional familial working and living unit
The financial intrstuments and stuff
Modern era would also revo ho investment and finances operated as the upper middle class began to develop and discover ne ways to expand and protect their wealth
Gold standard was adopted by most western countries to prevent inflation the theory worked to protect currence value by limite d the amount of money a country could print
Concept of stock markets formed to provide funding for companies as well as benefits and profits for investors to protect and expand their wealth through financial investment
Addiltionally limited liability companies began to form which offered tax breaks and liability protection from owners making suing companies a corporate rather than personal matter
This meant it was safer to form a successful company as well as keep more profit by paying less taxes
All of these factors combined to make investment and business startup safer and vastly increased the wealth of the middle class
Working class identity
In order to promote econ growth both middle class owners and government alike supported keeping cost of production prices low
To maintain low prices factory and business oners worked ith government to make sure effort by workers to improve wages or conditions failed by banning union and strike and even resorting to violence to stymie reform
For example homestead and pullmain railroad strike
They created a sense of animosity between the workers and the middle class and middle class government
Working classes also vehemently opposed the use of small children in dangerous situatuions such as in the mines and facotries
As a result a new ideas and movement would rise in opposition to the middle class and government run mostly by the frustrated working class
Classical liberalism
John mill as a firm believer in the philosophy utilitarianism
Ultiraianism believed the best thing for society as whatever made the greatest amount of people happy
Using those ideals JSM used ultitarianism and developed classical liberalism that regular people should be granted suffrage to form laws
His ideas was that allowing a greater proportion of the population to note meant people could bote for laws the protected and benefited themselves rather than leaving it to select wealthy few
While this seemed like a good idea JSM and the working class faced firm opposition from the middle classes that controlled the government
The mid class wanted to protect their low production coST AND ISHED TO STOP CLASSICAL LIBERALISM FROM TAKING HOLD AND PASSING LAWS THAT WOULD BENIFIT THE WORKING CLASS
First wave feminism
Those ideas attempted to include working class men in an effort to provide more effective laws however JSM and a minority of others also belived such basic rights should be given to women
HOWEVER WOMEN IN THE 19TH CENTURY STILL HAD NO POLTICAL POWER AND ALSO WANTED TO PARTAKE IN THE SUFFERAGE
Beggining in THE EARLY 1800S THE SAME CALL FOR GREATER INCLUSION IN VOTING CAME FROM WOMEN THIS IS KNOWN AS THE SUFFERGETTE MOVEMENT OR FIRST WAVE FEMINISM
JSM HIMSELF WAS A PROPONENT OF FEMALE SUFFERAGE AND WOMEN SUCH AS FLORA TRISTAN THOUGHT WOMEN SHOULD WORK TOGETHER
Alternative to capitalism
Marxism/Communism
Made by Karl marx and Fredrich engels in their 1848 book the communist Manifesto marx and engels created a new idea for a socioeconomic system
Communism or marxism is the idea that history has been plauged by class conflicts and struggle over private property
Slaves vs masters
Patriican vs plebeians
Peasant vs nobles
And now working vs middle class
The soultion to Marx as to eliminate the source of the problem private property
Achiveing communism
To rid the world of private property Marx suggested all should share property as a functional community in which each individual contributed by producing or doing whatever they are best at
To do this Marx called for a violent proletariat revoultion taking all property from the prougreoisie and gov
The goal was to have each governement in the world start a worker revolution distributed all the priviate property to workers and eventually end all borders as they were seen as an externsion of private property and souce of interstate conflict
Marxis stages
Revoultionary phase - proletariast rise up and take priv property
Socialist phase- the gov temporarily controls all private property for distribute evenly
Communist phase - all borders are eliminated and all humans communally share all priv property and goods
Sadly for Engels and Marx communism moral standing devoloped a system that owuld cause famine and the death of mullion of poepole in every single state it was attempted
Anarchism
Some however did not trust communism or capitlism to solve their problems arguing that eitehr way poeple were corrupt witch government being run by the middle class under capitalism by the working class through classical liberalism or communism govs were flawed
Anarchists saw ruling classes or government as naturally oppressive and corrupt and belived that only answer was violent overthrow of all govs
The idea was propoused by mikhail bakunin a russian intelluctual who witnessed the mistreatment of native polls bt Russian forces and polocies nothing that all startes were or would eventually become tryannical
Anarchist belived in a world with no authortiy government or border where popele lived in peaceful comunes and fended for themselves
The late 19th and early 20th century anarchist actively attempted to sabotage world governemetns through violence
Additonally the balkan nationalist group The black hand ere a group of anti imperilist anarchists that were responsible for the assasination of Austrain Archduke Franz ferdinand in 1914 which sparked the first world war
19th century socialist policies
Socialism or socialist policies are any case where the government controls the econ or priv property in some way
The first example of socialist policies were in brithain where they let working male classes vote
The mines act and factory act is birtian provided worker protection such as no kids working in mines and limited work days to 10 hours these acts were the first example of state intervention in the industrail era
World trade and economic imperialism
World trade boosted
Due to the massive manifacuting increase in europe world trade increased explonitally across all trade networks
While there were manufacturing in europe before the 1800s Chinia and India were the main produncers of goods
After 1760 goods from the Americas weren’t just consumed or sold they were mostly used to produce goods on a MUCH larger scale in Europe
This reated a Large demand for raw materials In europe that colonies In africa asia and americas could provide
As a result, europe and the US became the World’s largest producers of Goods and the activity of all trade routine increased to bring raw material to Europe and to distribute manufactured Euro/American Goods
Single export Economies
This large demand for Raw materials from the Americas t manufacturer in Europe rapidly expanded the already large plnatition and hacienda system
It also made colonies Econ dependent on selling their exported raw materials to Europeans below
Mexico Metals
Peru Guano
Brazil coffe and cocoa
Argentina beef
Us. Cotton/Tobacco
These goods were either used for production in factories or to meet the dietary needs of growing urban populations
Colonies and new countries like mexico argentina and brazil
Single Export
Their plantation owners specifically became quite wealthy selling raw materials to the US and Europe for manufacturing
However some econ growth was very small in comparisons to countries selling manifcatured good and little econ growth occurred as the Wealth was not circulated to expand business and job opportunities
Additionally lower classes were not paid nearly as well as the working class
However as plantation oners and manufacturing in Europe became more wealth they began to demand luxury goods and fine Jewlery to show their wealth
With the discover of diamonds mines In SOUTH AFRICA and more prescous metals the americas demanded for these productions raised substantially
19th century imperialism
Using their wealth and tech advtages the Us and Europe started taking advantage of the World in the 18th century
Their goal was one of the two options depending on the Region
Aquire terrortory for raw materials Africa and the Aussies
Aquire territory for new market to sell manfactured goods (Asia)
To do this europeans and americans either took territory and controlled it directly or forced foreign governments to do their bidding
The 19th century would see US and Europe taking over or controlling nearly the eitre world to take their resources or forcibly sell them their goods
Economic imperialism
Enchanted by the growth of Global trade European as Us business grew widely during the 19th century
As wealth and the money supply increased Us and the European bisniesses began to sprout up elsewhere in the world and dominate international markets]
Hile some operated justly merely selling goods to foreign market other adopted a more nefarious approach
Additoonally some firms and companies colluded with state officials to win rights and contracts for contsutrtion and exchange such as the Contrustuon of the port of buenos Aires with the support of british firms was comminsed and approved by argentina president julio rocha
Transcontitnetal Business
As mentioned before some business operated internationa;y to reach new markets
In East Asia and africa severa; companies Establish contrct and extration operations to extract or purchase raw materoa;s from European colonies
One such example is Uniever a british dutch transnational consumer good company that operated
And sold good in British West africa and the belgian congo starting with mass soap providation
vSepoy Mutiny:
Also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
A major uprising against British rule in India by Indian soldiers (sepoys).
Tanzimat Reforms:
A series of Ottoman reforms in the mid-19th century.
Aimed at modernizing the Ottoman Empire, including legal and administrative changes.
First Balkan War:
Fought in 1912-1913 among Balkan League members against the Ottoman Empire.
Resulted in territorial changes in the Balkan region.
Unification of Italy:
Process of combining various states into the single nation of Italy.
Led by figures like Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi in the 19th century.
Count Cavour:
Key figure in the unification of Italy.
Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia; played a diplomatic role.
Giuseppe Garibaldi:
Italian nationalist and military leader.
Played a crucial role in the unification of Italy.
Unification of Germany:
Led by Otto von Bismarck in the late 19th century.
Brought various German states together into a unified German Empire.
Otto von Bismarck:
Chancellor of the German Empire.
Mastermind behind German unification through a series of diplomatic and military strategies.
Philippine Revolution:
Armed conflict against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines in the late 19th century.
Philippine-American War:
Conflict between Filipino nationalists and the United States following the Philippine Revolution.
Agricultural Revolution:
Transition from traditional farming methods to more advanced and efficient practices.
Crop Rotation:
Agricultural practice of rotating different crops in a specific order to improve soil fertility.
Jethro Tull:
Inventor of the seed drill, a significant agricultural innovation.
Enclosure Movement:
Redistribution of land in England, consolidating small plots into larger, enclosed fields.
Adam Smith:
Scottish economist and philosopher.
Author of "The Wealth of Nations," a key work in classical economics.
Free Market Capitalism:
Economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
Minimal government intervention in the market.
Laissez-faire:
Economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in economic affairs.
Invisible Hand:
Concept introduced by Adam Smith.
Describes the self-regulating nature of a free market economy.
Putting-out System:
Also known as the domestic system.
Pre-Industrial Revolution method of textile production where tasks were distributed to individuals in their homes.
Spinning Jenny:
Early spinning machine that played a key role in the Industrial Revolution.
First Industrial Revolution:
Period of significant industrialization and technological advancement, starting in the late 18th century.
James Watt & Steam Engine:
James Watt improved the steam engine, a crucial invention for the Industrial Revolution.
Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851:
An exhibition showcasing industrial achievements of various nations.
Held in the Crystal Palace in London.
Railroad:
Expansion of railroad networks was a major factor in the Industrial Revolution, facilitating transportation.
Second Industrial Revolution:
Late 19th to early 20th-century phase of industrialization marked by technological innovations.
Bessemer Process:
Industrial method for mass-producing steel.
Invented by Henry Bessemer.
Factory System:
System of manufacturing in which products are made on a large scale using machinery in factories.
Interchangeable Parts:
Concept of making components of a product identical and interchangeable.
Contributed to the efficiency of manufacturing.
Trans-Siberian Railway:
A railway that spans the entire length of Russia, connecting the European and Asian parts of the country.
New Urban Working Class:
Emergence of a working class in urban areas during the Industrial Revolution.
Gold Standard:
Monetary system where the value of a country's currency is directly tied to a specific quantity of gold.
Stock Market:
A market where buyers and sellers trade shares of public companies.
First-Wave Feminism:
Late 19th to early 20th-century feminist movement focused on women's suffrage and legal rights.
Marxism/Communism:
Ideological and political theory advocating for a classless and stateless society.
Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Karl Marx:
German philosopher, economist, and political theorist.
Co-author of "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital."
Anarchism:
Political philosophy advocating for a society without government or other hierarchical structures.
Mikhail Bakunin:
Russian anarchist and philosopher.
A key figure in the development of anarchist thought.