Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions

Cultural, social, and political institutions

Are the key frameworks that shape society.

Cultural and social institutions

Foster identity, traditions, and cooperation

Political institutions

Provide governance and resolve conflicts, ensuring order and collective decision-making.

Kinship

Social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society

Consanguineal kinship or kinship by blood

It is considered the most basic and general form of relations. The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity.

Descent

Refers to biological relationship; individual's child or offspring ancestry.

Lineage

Refers to the line where one's decent is traced.

Unilineal

Decent that is traced through a single ancestor from either male or female line.

Patrilinial

Descent that is traced through the male line.

Matrilineal

Descent that is traced through the female line.

Bilateral

Descent through both the mother and father.

Affinial Kinship or kinship by marriage

Refers to the type of relations developed when a marriage occurs. This type of kinship is forged by marriage alliances.

Gamos

Gamy comes from the Greek word "_____", which means marriage.

Endogamy

Refers to compulsory marriage; this form of marriage is practiced by a number of ethnic groups, religious groups, and the aristocratic classes.

Exogamy

Out-mariage, refers to a marriage custom where an individual is required by society's norms and rules to marry outside of their ow own group, community, or social classes.

Monogamy

Refers to marriage or sexual partnering custom or practice where an individual hasonly one male or female or mate

Polygamy

Refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate.

Polygyny

A man has multiple female partners or mates.

Polyandry

A woman has multiple male partners or mates.

Patrilocal

Occurs when married couples stay in the house of the husband's relatives or near the husband's.

Biolocal

The newlywed couple stay with the husband's relatives and the wife's kin alternately.

Arranged marriage

Marriage partners are not referred but they are arranged by the parents of the groom and bride.

Referred marriage

Matchmakers help their single friends or relatives to find their possible husband or wife by referring them to another man or woman who is also interested to find a life partner.

Family

Refers to the members of the household who are related, to a specified degree, through blood, adoption, or marriage.

Consists of at least two (2) members . Members must be related

Cannot comprise more than one (1) household

Household

Can contain more than one (1) family; or one (1) or more families together with one (1) or more non-related persons; or it can consist entirely of non-related persons.

One-person household

An arrangement in which one (1) person makes provision for his/her own food or other essentials for living without combining with any other person.

Multi-person household

A group of two (2) or more persons living together who make common provision for food or other essentials for living.

Bands

Small groups found in foraging societies, with few people, equal relationships, and sharing based on give-and-take.

Tribes

Larger, settled groups in farming and herding societies, without a single leader, and with equal social structures.

Chiefdoms

Societies with a clear leader, formal rules, and a system based on gifts, feasts, and tribute.

Neolocal residence

This system is determined by a rule that each spouse leaves his/her family of origin and jointly forms a new household, which develops as a nuclear family.

Patrilocal residence

In this system, when a couple marries, the man stays in his father's home, and the woman moves in with him.

Matrilocal residence

Here, when a couple marries, the woman stays with her mother, and the man moves in with her. As children are born, they join the mother's family.

Avunculocal Residence

It is more complicated than the other rules, since two (2) residences changes are involved. Household formation begins with a virilocal rule, placing a married woman in her husband's household, where their children are raised. Upon reaching maturity, the men must relocate to their mother's brother's household, the actual avunculocal move. The result is an avunculocal extended family consisting of one (1) or more elder men, their sister's sons, and the wives and underage children of all the married men.

Ambilocal Residence

In an ambilocal pattern, a married couple decides whether to join either the husband's or the wife's household of origin. According to the choice made in the previous generations, they may reside with either spouse's father or mother. The result is an ambilocal extended family.

Natalocal Residence

It specifies that each partner remains with their own families of residence after marriage. If children remain in their mother's household, the result will be the formation of domestic matrilineages to which all male and female residents belong

Compadrazgo

Translated as ‘godparenthood’, is a ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family. Through this set-up, a relationship between the child’s biological parents, their children, and persons close to the parents but not related by blood become a family.

Nuclear family

Is a type of family that is made up of a group of people who are united by social ties. It is usually made up of two adults and their socially recognized children

Extended family

Is a type of family whose members go beyond the nuclear family made up of parents and their offspring.

Blended family

Is a type of family where parents have a child or children from previous marital relationships but all the members stay and congregate to form a new family unit. It is sometimes called step family, reconstituted family, or a complex family

Simple chiefdom

Characterized by a central village or community ruled by a single famil

Complex chiefdom

Composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single paramount chief residing in a single paramount center

Nation

Groups of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity.

Traditional authority

Whose legitimacy is derived from well-established customs, habits, and social structures.

Charismatic authority

Is found in a leader whose mission and vision inspire others. It is based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual. Weber saw a charismatic leader as the head of a new social movement, and one instilled with divine or supernatural powers such as a religious prophet.

Rational-legal authority

Or Bureaucratic authority draws its legitimacy from formal rules promulgated by the state through its fundamental and implementing laws.

Legitimacy

Is a moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses power the right to exercise such power since such is perceived to be justified and proper.

Authority

Is the power to make binding decisions and issue commands. It is necessary for a leader to possess ______.