ECHO Week 1:Reading & Knowledge Check: Normal Cardiac Anatomy Chapter 1 Quiz

Please read Chapter 1, pages 1-17, in Echocardiography The Notebook 8 and answer following questions.

Which valve is between the right ventricle and right atrium?

Mitral valve

Aortic valve

Pulmonary valve

Tricuspid valve

Tricuspid valve

Which veins return blood from the myocardium directly into the cardiac chambers without entering the cardiac venous system?

Inferior vena cava

Superior vena cava

Left cardiac veins

Thebesian veins

Middle cardiac vein

Thebesian veins

What is normal diastolic IVC diameter?

1.2-2.1 m

1.2-2.1 sm

1.2-2.1 cm

1.2-2.1 mm

1.2-2.1 cm

Which are the first order of flow through heart?

Right atrium

SVC and IVC

Left atrium

Right ventricle

Pulmonary veins

Tricuspid valve

Right atrium

All of the following are true about the right heart EXCEPT:

pumps oxygenated blood to lungs

associated with pulmonary system

low pressure, low resistance

low oxygen saturation

pumps oxygenated blood to lungs

What is the function of cardiac valves?

Ensure one-way blood flow

Prevent backflow through heart

All answers

All answers

Which is the last order of flow?

Aorta

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Aortic valve

Pulmonary valve

Left ventricle

The base of the heart is near rib

2

5

2

Which letter indicates superior heart?

D

C

A

B

D

Which valves are the atrioventricular valves?

None

Tricuspid and mitral valve

Pulmonic and aortic valve

Tricuspid and mitral valve

What is the order of flow from left heart to right heart?

Right atrium: Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the body through the vena cava, coronary sinus, and superior and inferior venae cavae.

Right ventricle: Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, which contracts to push the blood towards the lungs.

Lungs: Blood travels to the lungs through the pulmonary artery to be oxygenated.

Left atrium: Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium.

Left ventricle: Blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

Aorta: Blood passes through the aortic valve into the aorta, which distributes oxygenated blood to the body's tissues through its branches

Which structure bridges the arteries and veins together?

Great vessels

Capillaries

Arterioles

Venules

Capillaries

What is the order of flow from the right heart to the main pulmonary artery?

1. Right atrium

Blood enters the heart through the vena cava and flows into the right atrium.

2. Right ventricle

The atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve closes.

3. Pulmonary valve

The right ventricle then pumps blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery.

4. Lungs

The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-depleted blood from the heart to the lungs, where it's oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium.

The cardiovascular system is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:

delivers wastes

maintain body's metabolic requirements

delivery of oxygen and nutrients

circulates blood

delivers wastes

Which circulatory system has greater resistance to the heart?

Neurologica

lPulmonary

Digestive

Systemic

Systemic

Which plane separates right from left?

Blue

Green

Red

Purple

Red

Which are filling chambers?

Atria

Ventricles

Atria

Which system is responsible for returning blood from heart's arterial system?

Coronary sinus

Pulmonary system

Peripheral venous system

SVC

Coronary sinus

Which plane separates frontal and dorsal aspects of body?

Green

Blue

Red

Purple

Purple

Which organ is the driving force behind cardiovascular system?

Arteries

Heart

Aorta

Veins

Heart

Which systolic pulmonary pressure indicates pulmonary hypertension?

> 25 cmHg

> 25 mHG at rest

< 25 mmHG at rest

> 25 mmHG at rest

> 25 mmHG at rest

Which are pumping chambers?

Ventricles

Atria

Ventricles

Which valves are semilunar valves?

Pulmonic and aortic valve

Tricuspid and mitral valve

None

Pulmonic and aortic valve

Which is an indirect measurement of the left atrial pressure?

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)

Pulmonary artery pressure

Pulmonary wedge pressure

Systolic pulmonary artery pressure

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)

The heart wall consists of

Myocardium

Epicardium

Endocardium

All answers

All answers

How can the heart perform all of its duties?

Arterioles

Arteries

Capillaries

All answers

All answers

T or F: The pericardium encases the heart to protect it against infection and trauma.

True

All is true about the RA EXCEPT:

Reservoir for systemic venous return

Pumps blood out to root of aorta

Thebesian valve is located between coronary sinus between right atrium

Fills more during inspiration because pressure gradient between RA and pressure in veins

Pumps blood out to root of aorta

The apex of the heart is near rib:

1

2

5

4

5

Which is the left side of heart?

C

D

A

B

A

Which are the great artery(ies)?

IVC/SVC

Both Aorta and Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary artery

Aorta

Both Aorta and Pulmonary artery

All of the following are true about left heart EXCEPT:

oxygenated blood is rich in oxygen to perfuse tissues in body

high pressure, high resistance

associated with circulatory system

receives deoxygenated from pulmonary ciculation

Receives deoxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation

Which two bones cradle the heart?

Vertebral column and lungs

Sternum and vertebral column

Sternum and diaphragm

Sternum and cartlidge

Sternum and vertebral column

The definition of blood pressure is

the arterial blood pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the systemic circulatory system

the arterial blood pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the pulmonary circulatory system

the arterial blood pressure exerted by the blood on the outside walls of the systemic circulatory system.

the arterial blood pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the systemic circulatory system

Which valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral valve

Aortic valve

Tricuspid Valve

Pulmonary valve

Mitral valve

Which is the right ventricular diastolic pressure:

2-8 mmHg

3-12 mmHg

4-12 mmHg

2-12 mmHg

2-8 mmHg

How does the heart increase the demand for oxygenated blood when you exercise?

Increase cardiac output

Decrease cardiac output

Cardiac function stays the same

Increase cardiac output

Which statement below is systolic function:

Venticles ability to relax and fill

Ventricles ability to efficiently eject blood out of the heart into the systemic and pulmonary circulatory systems.

Ventricles ability to efficiently eject blood out of the heart into the systemic and pulmonary circulatory systems.

During diastole the semilunar valves:

open

close

close

AV valves open during:

systole

diastole

diastole

What is required in order for heart to provide proper circulation through body?

Normal volume

Normal pressure

Both normal volume and normal pressure

Both normal volume and normal pressure

Discuss the action associated with diastole. What is happening?

Diastole is a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart's chambers relax and refill with blood. It's the opposite of systole, when the heart's chambers contract.

Which work together to keep the TV and MV closed during systole to prevent backflow into atria?

Papillary muscles

Chordae tendineae

All answers

Pressure gradient

All Answers

A decrease in systolic function indicates following heart diseases EXCEPT:

Pulmonary embolism

Ischemia

Hypertension

Congestive heart failure

Hypertension

During diastole the semilunar valves:

close

open

close

Why is blood easily flowing from atria to the ventricle?

high pressure gradient

no pressure gradient

low pressure gradient

no pressure gradient

Discuss the action associated with systole. What is happening?

Systole is the contraction of the heart's ventricles during a heartbeat, which forces blood into the body's circulatory system. This contraction occurs between the first and second heart sounds of the cardiac cycle, and usually lasts 0.3 to 0.4 seconds

T or F: Overall, cardiac function is determined by both systolic and diastolic function.

True

AV valves closed during:

diastole

systole

systole

T or F: The mechanical events of the heart is seen on EKG.

False

At what percentage does a normal ventricular wall concentrically thicken and contract towards center of chamber?

80%

20%

15%

30%

15%

Which nervous system increases heart rate as part of the Fight or Flight Response?

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Which immediately precedes diastole:

Isovolumic Contraction Time (IVCT)Isovolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT)

Isovolumic Contraction Time

Which of the below statements best describes systole:

period when AV valves and tricuspid valve open

period when all four valves are clsoed

period of contraction when the blood is ejected from the heart

period of relaxation when the venticles fill with blood

period of contraction when the blood is ejected from the heart

T or F: Chambers normally concentrically decrease in size during systole.

False

What is Preload?

The volume (load) in the heart at end-diastole

What is Afterload?

The resistance that the heart must pump against

What is Inotropic Force?

contractility of the heart muscle or the force of the contraction

What is Chronotropic Force?

rate of contraction or heart rate

What is Hyperkinetic?

Excessive wall motion

What is Hypokinetic?

Decreased wall motion

What is Akinetic?

No movement or thickening of myocardium; may indicate MI or hibernation

What is Hibernation?

Ischemic segment that is akinetic but not infarcted that can be reversed with restored coronary blood flow

What is Dyskinetic?

Movement away from center of the cavity; may indicate myocardial infarction

What is Heart Rate?

Number of heart beats per minute

What is Stroke Volume?

Volume of blood ejected with each heart beat

What is Cardiac output?

Volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out each minute

What is Cardiac Index?

Cardiac output corrected for body surface area

What is Body Surface Area?

Total surface area of the body

In the PLAX view, what are we visualizing?

Right and left sides of the heart

Tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves, descending aorta

Right ventricle, tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves

Mitral and aortic valves, left ventricle, septum and LV posterior wall, aortic root, right ventricular anterior wall and a portion of the right ventricle, descending aorta, pericardium

Mitral and aortic valves, left ventricle, septum and LV posterior wall, aortic root, right ventricular anterior wall and a portion of the right ventricle, descending aorta, pericardium

What are the different levels and views we obtain from the Short axis view?

Parasternal long axis, short axis, apical

Short axis LV apex and papillary level, mitral vale and aortic valve

Short axis, long axis, apical

Short axis apical 4, 2, 3

Short axis LV apex and papillary level, mitral vale and aortic valve

What cardiac chambers are visualized in the Apical views:

Right and left ventricles

Left and right atrias

Right atrium and right ventricle

Left and right ventricles, left and right atrias

Left and right ventricles, left and right atrias

How do we evaluate the hemodynamics of the heart from the Apical views in this video?

2-D echocardiography

Continuous wave doppler

Color doppler

Pulsed wave doppler

Continuous wave Doppler

What color presentation represents flow away or towards the transducer in the Apical views?

red/away, blue/towards

blue/away, red/towards

In the apical views, color doppler is not parallel with blood flow

blue/away, red/towards

In the PLAX view, we are evaluating all the following, except:

Tricuspid valve

Left ventricular systolic function

Pericardial effusion and /or pleural effusion

Mitral valve

Aortic valve

Pericardial effusion and /or pleural effusion

The subcostal view is mainly used to evaluate _________?

systolic function

mitral valve function

aortic valve function

pericardial effusion

pericardial effusion

Which side of the ultrasound screen is the screen dot for echocardiography?

right

left

Right

What organ serves as an acoustic window for the subcostal/subxiphoid view?

diaphram

lungs

stomach

pancrease

liver

liver