Chapter 3 and 4 Med Term

Functions of the bones

-framework of body
- support and protect organs
-movement
- Calcium storage
- formation of RBCs

Ossification

creation of new bone

When do newborns begin to form bone

After 3 months

Osteoclasts

break down old or damaged bone

Osteoblast

help rebuild bone

What type of tissue are bones

Connective tissue(second hardest in the body)

Periosteum

tough tissue covering bone

Compact bone(cortical bone)

the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones

Spongy bone(cancellous bone)

porous part of the bone located near to the ends; contains red bone marrow

Long bones

longer than they are wide

Short bones

cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle

Medullary cavity

central cavity in the bone shaft that stores red and yellow bone marrow

Endosteum

lines the inside of the medullary cavity

Epiphysis

End of the bone

Diaphysis

shaft of the bone

Hematopoietic

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

Yellow bone marrow

fat storage area

cartilage

smooth rubbery connective tissue

Articular cartilage

covers the surface of bones at joints, preventing grinding

meniscus

Curved cartilage found in some joints(knee and jaw)

Foramen

opening in the bone for blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves

process

a bump on the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for muscle or tendon

Joints

also known as articulations, are the place of union between two or more bones

Fibrous joints(sutures)

Inflexible layers of connective tissue hold the bone together, allowing no movement (ex. skull)

Fontanelles

softs spots in areas where sutures haven't formed yet, usually in newborns

Cartilaginous Joints

Bones are connected only be cartilage, slight movement (ex. ribs)

Pubic symphysis

Joint located between pubic bones to facilitate childbirth

Synovial Joints

Joints that permit a variety of movements. 2 types

Ball and Socket Joint

Synovial Joint that allows for a wide range of motion in many directions(hips)

Hinge Joints

Synovial Joint that allows movement in one directions

Components of a Synovial Joint

synovial capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, and bursa

Synovial capsule

outermost layer of synovail joint, acts as a sleeve around the joint

Synovial membrane

lines the inside of synovial capsule and secretes synovial fluid

synovial fluid

inside synovial membrane, makes smooth movement possible

Ligaments

Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bone to bone

bursa

sac filled with fluid, acts as cushion to ease movement at joints

Bones in adult skeleton

206

Axial skeleton

80 bones, protects major organs

5 Parts of the axial skeleton

skull, ear, throat, ribs, vertebra

Appendicular skeleton

126 bones, makes body movement possible

appendage

anything attached to a major part of the body

Bones of the skull

8 bones for the cranium, 14 for the face, and 6 in the middle ear

Thoracic cavity(rib cage)

protects heart and lungs, contains ribs, sternum, and upper spinal column

Parts of the ribs

Total - 12 pairs
true ribs - first 7
false ribs - next 3
floating ribs - last 2

parts of the sternum

manubrium - upper part
body(gladiolus) - middle portion
xiphoid process - bottom tip

The shoulders

form pectoral/shoulder girdle, structure that encircles body

acromion

top extension of the scapula

olecranon(funny bone)

proximal tip of the ulna

Parts of the hand

8 carpals - wrist bones
5 metacarpals - palm bones
thumb - 2 bones
rest of the fingers - 3 bones each

Spinal column

26 vertebrae, supports head and body

Body of the vertebra

anterior portion of the vertebra, provides strength

lamina

posterior part of vertebra, attachment for muscles

vertebral foramen

opening in middle of vertebra for spinal cord

intervertebral discs

cartilage in between vertebra to allow movement

Parts of the Spine

Total - 26
Cervical(forms neck) - first 7
Thoracic(each has rib attached) - next 12
Lumbar(strongest vertebrae) - next 5
Sacrum - 1
coccyx(tailbone) - 1

Pelvis

protects lower extremities

acetabulum

hip socket

popliteal

back of knee

cruciate ligaments

make knee movement possible, shaped like an X

Chiropractor

specializes in adjusting spine misalignment

Orthopedic surgeon

diagnoses and treats bone disease and disorder

osteopath

uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation

Podiotrist

foot doctor

Rheumatologist

diagnosis and treats joint and some bone disorders

Dislocation(luxation)

total bone displacement from joint

Subluxation

partial bone displacement from joint

Compression fracture

bone fracture from compression

Colles fracture

Wrist fracture from trying to prevent a fall; caused by osteoporosis

Osteoporotic hip fracture

hip fracture due to osteoporosis

closed fracture(simple fracture)

fracture with no skin break

open fracture (compound fracture)

fracture with open wound

comminuted fracture

a splintered or crushed bone

incomplete fracture

bone is not broken all the way through

greenstick fracture

only one side of the bone is broken

buckle/torus fracture

bone is compressed, but does not break

oblique fracture

break across the bone at an angle

displaced/nondisplaced fracture

bone is aligned/ bone is not aligned

fat embolus

fats cells from yellow marrow are released from fracture, which can block blood vessels

crepitation

grating sound of broken bones sliding against each other

callus

bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that will eventually become bone

x-ray imaging

helps visualize bone and hard-tissue abnormalities

arthoscopy

visual examination of internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope, minimally invasive

bone marrow biopsy

using a syringe to draw out bone marrow, used to conduct blood tests

Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)

used to image soft tissue structures

Ultrasonic bone density testing

bone density test using sound waves

Dual x-ray absorptiometry

low exposure radiographic measurement to measure bone density(more accurate than ultrasonic)

Ankylosis

the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

adhesive capsulitis

extreme stiffness of the shoulder joint (a.k.a. frozen shoulder)

arthrosclerosis

stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly

Baker's cyst

fluid sac behind the knee

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

Chondromalacia

abnormal softening of the cartilage

Costochondritis

inflammation of rib cartilage

Hallux valgus

an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe (bunion)

Hemarthrosis

blood within joint

Polymyalgia rheamatica

inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints

Sprain

injury to a ligament

Synovitis

inflammation of synovial membrane

Arthritis

inflammation of a joint

Osteoarthritis

"weat and tear arthritis" associated with old age