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stratification

a society's categorization of its people into rankings and classes based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power.

syncretism

The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion.

mercantilism

a system in which a country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than it imports

imperial

characterizing the rule or authority of a sovereign state over its dependencies

context

the political, social, cultural, and economic setting

for a particular idea or event that influence it

hierarchy

a ranking of positions of authority, often associated with a chain of command and control

refute

to prove wrong by argument or evidence

papal

of or relating to a pope or to the Roman Catholic Church

encomienda

a system where Spanish adventurers and settlers were granted the legal right to control the land of and extract forced labor from indigenous people of the Americas

incentive

something that incites action or greater effort

assimilate

the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

patriarchal

relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority

caste

a rigid and hereditary social class

Bartolome De Las Casas

Dominican priest and missionary who devoted his life to protesting the mistreatment of the Indians and ending the encomienda system.

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest.

Meso-America

A region extending south and east from Central Mexico but ending before South America (includes present day Mexico and Central America)

Cahokia

The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.

genocide

the deliberate systemic killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

matriarchal

pertaining to rule or leadership by women or mothers

Mestizo

The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native American and European descent.

conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Iroquois Confederacy

a group of Native American nations in eastern North America joined together under one general government

sequence

a particular order in which related events, movements, or things follow each other.

pacify

to calm down, to soothe

Montezuma II

the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520)

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

synthesis

combining parts into a whole

bureaucracy

A system of managing government through departments run by appointed, non-elected officials