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stratification
a society's categorization of its people into rankings and classes based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power.
syncretism
The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion.
mercantilism
a system in which a country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than it imports
imperial
characterizing the rule or authority of a sovereign state over its dependencies
context
the political, social, cultural, and economic setting
for a particular idea or event that influence it
hierarchy
a ranking of positions of authority, often associated with a chain of command and control
refute
to prove wrong by argument or evidence
papal
of or relating to a pope or to the Roman Catholic Church
encomienda
a system where Spanish adventurers and settlers were granted the legal right to control the land of and extract forced labor from indigenous people of the Americas
incentive
something that incites action or greater effort
assimilate
the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
patriarchal
relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority
caste
a rigid and hereditary social class
Bartolome De Las Casas
Dominican priest and missionary who devoted his life to protesting the mistreatment of the Indians and ending the encomienda system.
Maya
Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest.
Meso-America
A region extending south and east from Central Mexico but ending before South America (includes present day Mexico and Central America)
Cahokia
The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.
genocide
the deliberate systemic killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
matriarchal
pertaining to rule or leadership by women or mothers
Mestizo
The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native American and European descent.
conquistador
A Spanish conqueror of the Americas
Iroquois Confederacy
a group of Native American nations in eastern North America joined together under one general government
sequence
a particular order in which related events, movements, or things follow each other.
pacify
to calm down, to soothe
Montezuma II
the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520)
Inca
Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.
synthesis
combining parts into a whole
bureaucracy
A system of managing government through departments run by appointed, non-elected officials