History I Honors Unit 3 Test Protestant Reformation (Bonnano)

What were the causes of the Protestant Reformation?

Luther's 95 Theses and political, economic, social, and religious issues

What were the political issues that caused the Protestant Reformation?

Many monarchs challenged the Church
Leaders believed the Pope as a foreign ruler and challenged him authority

What were the economic issues that caused the Protestant Reformation?

European princes & kings were jealous of the Church's wealth
Merchants & others hated paying taxes to the Church

What were the social issues that caused the Protestant Reformation?

Renaissance and humanism led people to question the Church
Printing press helped spread criticism of the Church's power

What were the religious issues that caused the Protestant Reformation?

Many church leaders had become corrupt
People found Church practices like selling indulgences as unacceptable

What does it mean to be corrupt?

Drinking, neglecting vows of celibacy, leading wars, etc

What is celibacy?

Refusing to ever get married

When did the Protestant Reformation start?

October 31, 1517 with Luther posting his 95 Theses

What was Luther's 95 Theses?

It was his many complaints about how he believed the Church was too focused on wealth and not religion

Where and when did Luther post his 95 Theses?

October 31, 1517
He posted it on the Church of Wittenberg door in Wittenberg

What were the problems with the Catholic church?

Simony, absenteeism, indulgences, nepotism

What does simony mean?

The sale of religious office (being a priest) to the highest bidder

What does absenteeism mean?

Members of the clergy (church priests) who do not live in their parish (within proximity of the church)

What is an indulgence?

Payment to pardon minor sins in order to get to heaven

What is nepotism?

Giving family members jobs - many priests were doing this

Who did Martin Luther hate for selling indulgences?

He despised Johann Tetzel because he was promoting the sale of indulgences through the spread of lies and manipulation

What were the countries that became Lutheran?

Holy Roman Empire, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and a bit of Poland

What is the council/diet of worms?

It was the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V declaration of Luther as a heretic and him excommunicating Luther because he did not take back his theses against the church

What was the Peasant Revolt?

Peasants revolt in Germany - Serfs wanted freedom - in a lot of poverty and tried to fight their way out

What is a serf?

Slaves or agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on their lord's estate

What was the Peasant Revolt inspired by?

Luther's protests against the Church (Protestant Reformation)

Did Luther support the Peasant Revolt?

No he did not and never intended for it to happen

Who is Pope Leo X and what did he do?

In 1520, Pope Leo X threatened Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements

What was the Peace of Augsburg and when did it occur?

Religious conflicts ended in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg: This treaty granted each prince the right to decide whether his subjects would be Catholic or Lutheran

Who was Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and what/when did he do?

In 1521-Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Luther a heretic & excommunicated with the Diet/Council of Worms

What were Luther's beliefs about Salvation?

Salvation by Faith alone - good works does NOT get you Salvation

What were Luther's beliefs about the Bible and leaders of the Church?

Bible was the highest source of the authority - people need to read bible themselves - ministers are not need - Council of Elders leads the Church

What were Luthers religious beliefs about prayers, transubstantiation, and sacraments?

Prayers in German language not Latin

Practiced two sacraments: Baptism and Communion

Does not believe in transubstantiation

What countries became Calvinist?

Scotland and Hungary

What is Predestination?

God already determined before you were born if you would go to heaven or not, and there is nothing you can do to change it

Who was John Calvin and what did he believe in?

French Theologist who believed in predestination and started Calvinism

What does John Calvin create and when does he do it?

In 1541, he created a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland

What is a theocracy?

Government where the same people who control religion control the country - Harsh punishments for people who went against religion

What are huguenots?

French Calvinists

What fight did the huguenots participate in and when?

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre on August 24, 1572- a marriage between French Calvinists and Catholics - supposed to unite them - instead it becomes a brutal fight in France

What are presbyterians?

Scottish Calvinists

What were the beliefs of Calvinism?

Predestination, salvation by faith alone, faith is a gift (people are born with or without it)

Bible taught all rules

Met 5 times a week for service

2 Sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist

Harsh religious rules

What was Anabaptism?

A strict religion that did not have many followers

Who was Ulrich Zwingli?

Used to be a Catholic Priest
He was influenced by Christian Humanist ideas of Erasmus and Luther's reforms

What did Zwingli ruin and when did he do it?

In 1520 Zwingli attacks the Catholic Church and destroyed icons - known as iconoclast

What were the beliefs of Anabaptism?

Sin was everywhere so in order to earn salvation you must live secluded from the rest of the world

The Bible was the highest source of authority - they lived a simple life like the people in the bible

Had Baptism for adults, had religious practices at home not church

No statues or paintings - believed people were worshipping the art instead of God

Two Sacraments: Baptism and Communion

What were the beliefs of the Catholic Church?

Mass was in Latin

Pope leads church and helps interpret the bible - hierarchy within church

Transubstantiation

What were the 7 Sacraments of the Catholic Church?

Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penace/Reconciliation, anointing of the sick, matrimony, and holy orders

What were the beliefs of Lutheran?

Prayers in German not Latin

Ministers are not needed

Good works does not get you salvation

Practiced 2 Sacraments: Baptism & Communion

Doesn't believe in transubstantiation