Notes_on_Immune_System

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53 Terms

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What is the primary function of the immune system?
To provide resistance to disease.
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What are the two intrinsic systems of the immune system?
Innate (nonspecific) defense system and Adaptive (specific) defense system.
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What constitutes the first line of defense in the immune system?
External body membranes such as skin and mucosae.
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What constitutes the second line of defense?
Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and inflammation.
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What is the third line of defense in the immune system?
Adaptive (specific) defense system that attacks particular foreign substances.
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Is the immune system an organ system?
No, it is a functional system rather than an organ system.
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What do innate and adaptive defenses have in common?
Both release and recognize many of the same defensive molecules.
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What is the surface barrier in innate defenses?
Skin and mucous membranes.
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What are examples of internal defenses in innate defenses?
Phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, and antimicrobial proteins.
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What do phagocytes do?
They ingest and digest foreign invaders.
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What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?
To kill cancer and virus-infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated.
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What initiates the inflammatory response?
Injury to body tissues.
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What are four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
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What is the role of histamine during inflammation?
Histamine released by mast cells is a key inflammatory chemical that causes vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries.
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What is the benefit of edema during inflammation?
It sweeps foreign material into lymphatic vessels and delivers clotting proteins to the area.
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What is the purpose of the complement system?
To enhance inflammation and directly destroy bacteria.
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What are interferons?
A family of immune modulating proteins that warn healthy neighboring cells infected by viruses.
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What is the target of humoral immunity?
Extracellular pathogens.
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What do T cells target in cellular immunity?
Infected cells, cancerous cells, and transplanted cells.
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What is the first encounter with an antigen for a naive lymphocyte called?
Clonal selection.
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What are the two main branches of the adaptive immune system?
Humoral immunity and cellular immunity.
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What is the difference between complete and incomplete antigens?
Complete antigens can stimulate a full immune response, while incomplete antigens (haptens) are not immunogenic by themselves.
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What is opsonization?
The process by which antibodies or complement proteins coat pathogens to enhance phagocytosis.
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What is a key feature of T cell activation?
It requires antigen binding and co-stimulation.
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What do helper T (TH) cells do in the immune response?
Activate B cells and other T cells, and help mediate the adaptive immune response.
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How do cytotoxic T cells (TC) kill their targets?
By releasing perforins and granzymes or by stimulating apoptosis through binding to receptors on target cells.
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What role do regulatory T (Treg) cells play?
They dampen the immune response to prevent autoimmune reactions.
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What is anaphylactic shock?
A systemic allergic reaction caused by vasodilation and constriction due to histamine release.
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What is passive humoral immunity?
When ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body, providing immediate protection but no immunological memory.
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What happens in a primary immune response?
Cell proliferation and differentiation occur upon exposure to an antigen for the first time.
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What occurs in a secondary immune response?
Faster and more effective response due to memory cells, with antibody levels peaking within days.
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What are the two types of active humoral immunity?
Naturally acquired immunity and artificially acquired immunity.
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What occurs during clonal selection of B cells?
B cells bind to their specific antigen, leading to proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells.
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What do antibodies do?
They bind specifically to antigens and can neutralize, agglutinate, precipitate, or activate complement for destruction.
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What are hypersensitivities?
Immune responses to perceived threats that cause tissue damage.
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What is the main type of immediate hypersensitivity?
Type 1 hypersensitivity, also known as allergies.
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What causes delayed hypersensitivity?
Helper T cells and cytokines activating macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.
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What is autoimmune disease?
A condition where the immune system fails to distinguish self from foreign, leading to destruction of body tissues.
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What are MHC proteins?
Major histocompatibility complex proteins that present antigen fragments to T cells.
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What occurs when T cells are activated?
They proliferate and differentiate to perform their specific functions.
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What is the significance of memory T cells?
They provide a faster response to previously encountered antigens during subsequent exposures.
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What does HIV target in the immune system?
Helper T cells, leading to immune system suppression.
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What can cause immune deficiency?
Congenital or acquired conditions that impair the function or production of immune cells.
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What types of cells can present antigens to T cells?
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
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What is an example of a clinical homeostatic imbalance?
AIDS, which is caused by HIV and results in severe immune deficiency.
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What type of immunity is provided by vaccines?
Artificial active immunity.
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What is the role of the complement system in the immune response?
To enhance inflammation, promote phagocytosis, and cause cell lysis.
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What impact does moderate fever have during an immune response?
It sequesters iron and zinc needed by microorganisms and increases metabolic rate for repair.
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What are antibody functions during an immune response?
Neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation.
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What is the process by which antibodies block specific sites on viruses?
Neutralization.
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What is the clinical significance of pus in inflammation?
It is a mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue cells, and pathogens that signifies infection.
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What is an example of a hypersensitivity reaction that develops over time?
Delayed hypersensitivity, such as a reaction to poison ivy.
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How can antibodies exert effects intracellularly?
By binding to viruses before they enter cells.