Nutrition for Health & Health Care Chapter 6: Energy Balance and Body Composition

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from Chapter 6 on energy balance and body composition, supporting student review and preparation for exams.

Energy Balance

The state achieved when energy intake equals energy expenditure, leading to stable body weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions, such as fasting and resting.

Energy Imbalance

Occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, leading to weight gain.

Adipose Tissue

Body fat stored in fat cells, which can enlarge as they fill with fat.

Fasting

A period of voluntary abstention from food for health or weight loss reasons.

Lean Tissue Wasting

Loss of muscle and other non-fat tissues, often seen during prolonged fasting.

Thermic Effect of Food

The energy expended during the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients.

Subcutaneous Fat

Fat stored directly under the skin.

Visceral Fat

Fat stored within the abdominal cavity, surrounding internal organs.

Central Obesity

Excess fat around the trunk of the body, linked to a higher risk of disease.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure of body fat based on weight in relation to height.

Eating Disorders

Serious mental illnesses characterized by abnormal eating habits, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.

Energy Expenditure

The total amount of energy used by the body for metabolic processes.

Apple Shape

A body shape characterized by excess fat around the abdomen.

Pear Shape

A body shape characterized by excess fat around the hips and thighs.

Caloric Surplus

A condition where calorie intake exceeds calorie expenditure, leading to weight gain.

Caloric Deficit

A condition where calorie expenditure exceeds calorie intake, leading to weight loss.

Core Factors Influencing BMR

Factors that affect BMR include age, sex, body composition, and environmental temperature.

Intermittent Fasting

An eating pattern that alternates between periods of fasting and eating, shown to promote good health.

Lean Body Mass

The weight of the body excluding fat; includes muscle, bone, and water weight.

Energy Intake

The total number of calories consumed through food and beverages.

Physical Activity

Voluntary activities involving muscular work that contribute to energy expenditure.

Health Risks of Obesity

Increased risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension.

Health Risks of Underweight

Inability to sustain lean tissue and associated with menstrual irregularities and osteoporosis.

BMR Influencers

Factors such as age, height, body composition, and hormonal levels that affect basal metabolic rate.

Activity Factors

Used to estimate daily energy expenditures based on activity levels.

Weighing Methods

Refers to ways of assessing body weight and composition, such as BMI or body fat percentage.

Dietary Recommendations

Advice for balanced eating patterns to meet nutrient needs without excessive caloric restrictions.

Waist Circumference

A measurement that can indicate levels of visceral fat and health risk.

Disordered Eating

A spectrum of unhealthy eating behaviors, not necessarily classified as disorders but harmful nonetheless.

Nutrient Needs

The minimum intake levels of essential nutrients required for health.

Fat Storage

The process in which excess energy is stored as fat in adipose tissue.

Obesity Prevalence

The increasing rates of obesity observed in populations over time.

Exercise Impact

Engaging in physical activity helps to increase energy expenditure and supports weight management.

Hydration Recommendations

Guidelines on water intake to maintain hydration and support metabolic functions.

Eating Psychology

Behavioral aspects influencing eating habits, body image, and weight.

Social Influences on Eating

The impact of societal norms and peer behaviors on diet choices and body image.

Body Image Distortion

A skewed perception of one’s physical appearance, often associated with eating disorders.

Nutrition Counseling

Professional guidance on dietary practices and lifestyle changes for health improvement.

Genetic Factors

Inherited characteristics that may predispose individuals to certain weights and health outcomes.

Energy Storage

The body's method of keeping excess energy from food in the form of fat.

Caloric Restriction

A dietary practice that involves reducing daily caloric intake for weight loss or health purposes.

Eating for Health

Choosing foods based on their nutritional value rather than for reasons of pleasure or habit.

Metabolism Shift

Changes in metabolic processes that can occur due to dietary changes or fasting.

Emotional Eating

Eating in response to emotional triggers rather than hunger.

Sociocultural Factors

Social and cultural influences that impact diet behaviors and attitudes towards weight.

Food Patterns

The typical dietary habits and preferences characteristic of an individual or population.

Health and Longevity

The relationship between body weight, nutrition, and the length and quality of life.

Dieting Risks

Potential negative consequences of short-term dieting, including weight cycling.

Nutrient Quality

The overall nutritional value of food consumed, affecting health outcomes.

Metabolic Rate Changes

Variations in the rate of metabolism that can occur due to diet or lifestyle factors.

Fat Loss vs. Lean Tissue Loss

Distinction between losing body fat and losing muscle and other lean tissues during weight loss.

Long-term Weight Management

Strategies for sustaining weight loss over a long period, involving lifestyle changes.

BMI Categories

The classification of body weight into underweight, normal, overweight, and obese based on BMI.

Weight Cycling

The repeated loss and regain of body weight, often associated with restrictive dieting.

Eating Patterns Assessment

Evaluation of a person's typical food consumption habits and frequency.

Health Consequences of Overweight

Various chronic conditions that may result from being overweight, including heart disease.

Customized Nutrition

Tailoring dietary guidelines and recommendations to individual needs and preferences.

Psycho-emotional Factors

Psychological and emotional aspects that influence eating behavior and self-image.

Public Health Implications

Health-related consequences and challenges within populations related to obesity.

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The maintenance of proper fluid levels and electrolytes in the body, important during dieting.

Diabetes Risk Factors

Elements that increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes, including obesity.

Eating Disorder Severity

The degree of impairment and risk associated with various eating disorders.

Genetic Predisposition

The inherited tendencies that may influence body composition and metabolism.

Healthcare Disparities

Differences in access to health services and outcomes related to obesity.

Social Acceptance of Body Diversity

The growing recognition of the variety of body types and promoting health over appearance.

Nutrition Education

Teaching individuals about healthy eating habits and nutritional knowledge.

Community Health Initiatives

Programs aimed at improving public health through nutritional education and resources.

Healthcare Policy on Nutrition

Policies that govern the approach to nutrition and health in communities and societies.

Weight Management Programs

Structured initiatives aimed at supporting individuals in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.

Preventative Health Strategies

Actions taken to prevent health problems before they occur, often through proper nutrition.