Human Anatomy and Physiology

Superior (cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Ventral (anterior)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Dorsal (posterior)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface; more internal

Anatomical Position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, internationally know

Axial

fundamental division of our body. Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular

fundamental division of our body. relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis.

Orbital

pertaining to the eye socket (orbit)

Palmar

pertaining to the palm of the hand

Pedal

pertaining to the foot

Dorsum

pertaining to the back

Lumbar

pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin

Occipital

Back of the head

Plantar

pertaining to the sole of the foot

Vertebral

pertaining to the area of the spinal column

Anterior/Ventral Body

Posterior/Dorsal Body

Sagittal

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Median Plane (midsagittal plane)

sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

Parasagittal Planes

all other sagittal planes offset from the midline

Frontal Planes (Coronal Plane)

like sagittal plane lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. (Transverse is perpendicular to long axis of an organ, horizontal is from front to back)

Oblique Sections

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

Dorsal Body Cavity

protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions

Cranial Cavity

in the skull, encases the brain

Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity)

runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera

Thoracic Cavity

surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest

Pleural Cavities

lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum

Medial Mediastinum

contains the pericardial cavity

Pericardial Cavity

encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

Abdominopelvic Cavity

seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Parietal Serosa

lines internal body walls

Visceral Serosa

covers the internal organs

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

Abdominopelvic Regions

Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

Umbilical region

The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus

Right and Left Iliac or Inguinal Regions

located lateral to hypogastric regions, superior part of the hip bone

Right and Left Lumbar Regions

lie lateral to the umbilical region

Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions

Flank the epigastric region laterally

Oral and Digestive Cavities

aka mouth, teeth and tongue, this cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs which opens to the exterior at the anus.

Nasal Cavity

located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways

Orbital Cavities

in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position

Middle Ear Cavities

carved into the skull lie just medial to the cardrums. contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.

Synovial Cavities

Are joint cavities, enclosed within the fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body i.e. elbow and knee joints.

Secreate a lubricating fl. tht reduces friction as the bones move acrossone another.

What is anatomy?

the study of structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

What is physiology?

the study of function of the body - how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities

What is gross or macroscopic anatomy?

the study of the large body structures, visible to the naked eye such as heart, lungs kidneys

What is regional anatomy?

the study of all the structures in a particular region of the body.ex: abdomen or legs

What is systemic anatomy?

the study of body systems such as the cardiovascular system

What are the 3 different subdivisions of gross or macroscopic anatomy?

regional, systemic, and surface anatomy

What is surface anatomy?

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface - e.g. - identifying the bulging muscles beneath a bodybuilders skin or to locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulses or draw blood

What are 2 subdivisions of study for microscopic anatomy?

cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)

What is developmental anatomy?

Tracing structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span -- Embryology is a subdivision of developmental anatomy that concerns developmental changes occurring before birth

What are some subdivisions of physiology?

renal physiology (operation of kidney), neurophysiology (nervous system), and cardiovascular physiology (operation of the heart and blood vessels)

What is the principle of complementarity?

anatomy and physiology are inseparable, the function always refects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

In what way does physiology depend of anatomy?

the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy

What are the levels of structural organization?

chemical (atoms and molecules), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level

What does the digestive system do?

takes in nutrients, breaks them down into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

What does the respiratory system do?

takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

What does the urinary system do?

eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

What does the cardiovascular system do?

via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs

What does the integumentary system do?

Skin, hair and nails protect the body as a whole from the external environment - drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight, chemicals

all ____ depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs

cells

_____ ____ work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions

organ systems

Integumentary system

Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury - made up of hair, nails and skin

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

Muscular system

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Made up of skeletal muscles

Nervous system

The fast acting control system of the body; it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles muscles and glands. Made up of the the brain, nerves and spinal cord

Endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Mad up of pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis

Cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Made up of blood vessels and heart

Lymphatic system/ immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in lymphatic system, houses while blood cells involved in immunity. Immune system attacks foreign substances in the body. Mad up of red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes

Respiratory system

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Made up of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus

Digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces Made up of oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus

Urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Made up of kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

Male and female reproductive systems

Production of offspring. For male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina

What are some functions of the lymphatic system?

it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity;

What are the necessary life functions?

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth

What is metabolism?

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body

includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler ones (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the energy rich molecules that power cellular activities

What are the survival needs?

Nutrients (needed for energy and cell building), oxygen (approx. 20% of the air we breathe), water (60-80% of our body), normal body temp. (37 c) and atmospheric pressure (force that air exerts on the surface of the body

What is homeostasis?

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

What are control mechanisms for homeostasis?

3 components -- the receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli and then sends info to the control center where it is analyzed and determines the appropriate response or course of action (determines the set point - the level that must be maintained) and then the info flows to the effector which provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus (output). The results of the response then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus by either reducing it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback)

What is negative feedback within homeostasis? and example

the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus regulation of body temp (nervous mechanism) regulation of blood sugar (endocrine mechanism)

What separates living beings from nonliving objects?

Living organisms are able to maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental change, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce and grow. while inanimate objects do not exhibit all of these

What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

metabolism

Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet?

because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life

What's the process of negative back for regulation of blood volume by ADH

Receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone ADH, ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood.

What is positive feedback examples

the response enhances, exaggerates or accelerates the original stimulus (cascades); exhibits an amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Homeostatic imbalance is the ...what does this cause?

disturbance of homeostasis increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure)

the head is _______ to the abdomen

superior

the navel is ______ to the chin

inferior