music history chapter 4

Hildegard von Bingen

composer, wrote many sequences for church, many of her texts were religious but not used in liturgy

Peter Abelard

composer, a hymn and 6 planctus survive

Walter of Châtillon

composer who wrote both monophonic and polyphonic latin songs that appear in the carmina burana

non-liturgical songs

either non-religious works or newly composed religious words

Goliard songs

latin or vernacular, usually not religious, topics about love, gambling, political satire, or drinking

carmina burana

translates to “songs of beuern,” from the Abbey of Benediktbeuern in Bavaria, book of songs that contained texts in both latin and german,

themes in the carmina burana

drinking, gluttony, gambling, sensual pleasures of youth & springtime, satire, morality

notation in the carmina burana

staffless neumes, so unreadable to us today.

macaronic text

mixture of languages

conductus

type of latin song, usually religious, used in church or as a procession in religious dramas

planctus

a type of latin song that laments the death of an important figure

chansons de geste

“songs of deeds,” composed in france from the early 12th century until c. 1250, no music exists just the poetry

traditional subjects of the chansons

legends of Charlemagne and his knights especially battles with the Moors, tales of famous kings

The Song of Roland

most famous chanson de geste

troubadour

translates to “finder,” male composers in southern France, beginning around 1100, upper class of society and composed music and poetry

trouvère

composers in northern france

langue d’oc

occitan language, oc= yes

langue d’oïl

old french language, oïl= yes, northern dialect

minstrel/jongleur

aka joglar lowest class of society, mostly illiterate performers

William IX

Duke of Aquitaine, earliest troubadour, no music survives only poetry

Macabru

earliest troubadour with suriving music

the Aquitaine

northern france

La Comtessa de Dia

famous woman troubadour

trobairitz

woman troubadour, “chansons de femme”

Eleanor of Aquitaine

granddaughter or William IX, married Louis VII of france & took her court with her

Bernart de Ventadorn

eleanor of aquitaine’s favorite troubadour

Richard I “Lionheart”

famous trouvère, only one poem with music survives

Blondel de Nesle

famous trouvère, credited with finding the castle where Richard was imprisoned in Austria

Adam de la Halle

the last of the trouvères

Le jeu de Robin et Marion

the earliest french play on a secular subject written by Adam de la Halle

vida

biography of a troubadour

razo

introduction to a troubadour song, often contained biographical info

Fin’ amors (amour coutrois)

courtly love

envoi

canso/chanson

songs of courtly love, iealized literary concept of love that emphasized nobility and charity

planh

funeral lament

pastorela

amorous encounter between a knight and shepherdess, rustic theme

alba/aubade

morning song

chanson de femme

songs from a womans point of view

Crusade song

recruitment song

minne

courtly love

Minnesinger

aristocratic poet-composers in the german court, more sober themes than troubadours

Minnesang

german courts tradition that owes much to the troubadours and trouvères, much overlap between the two

well known minnesingers

Walther von der Vogelweide, Neidhart von Reuental, and Oswald won Wolkenstein

Neidhart von Reuental

composed summer and winter songs, often depicting country scenes with peasant characters, largest number of surviving lyrics of any Minnesinger

Oswald von Wolkenstein

poet, composter, diplmat, and traveler, known as the “last of the minnesingers”

Walther von der Vogelweide

wrote many love and political songs, and crusade songs

Minnelied

song about courtly love

musical form of Minnesang

bar form: AAB

Stollen

the “a” section of Minnesang

Abesang

the “b” section of Minnesang

Meistersingers

german for master singer, composers that organized themselves into guilds and made complex poetic and musical structures, evolved after the Minnesingers

lauda/laude

non-liturgical religious song usually in italian (sing/pl)

laudario

codex that contains a collection of laude

Las Cantigas de Santa Maria

canticles of holy mary, contains over 400 monophonic songs in troubadour style with lots of info about daily life and culture with rich illustrations, published under Alfonso X

Alfonso X, “El Sabio”

“the wise,” king of germany 1252-1284, also a composer,

vielle

stringed instrument in the middle ages, like a violin, most common instrument for dance music

hurdy gyrdy

keyboard instrument in the middle ages, aka sinfonia

oud

banjo/guitar like instrument in the middle ages

nakers

drum like instruments in the middle ages

pipe and tabor

instrument that had a pipe (like a recorder) and a drum in the middle ages

hammered dulcimer

percussion- stringed instrument in the middle ages, played with a “hammer” that you would strike the strings with

recorder

like a modern recorder in the middle ages

portative organ

a small pipe organ with two rows of flute-like pipes, played a right angle by blowing in the them, instrument in the middle ages

carole

a round dance in a circle while holding hands

saltarello

from the verb meaning “to leap,” a lively dance

estampie

lively dance with two+ sections

punctus

sections of a dance

ouvert & clos

open/ close of a section

aperto & chiuso

open/close of a section

Chansonnier du Roi

“songbook of the king,” 13th century manuscript that was a large source of medieval music, more than 600 trouvère songs and 8 royal estampies

year of the first Cursade, and Pope Urban II’s speech

1095

troubadour tradition begins

c. 1100