Unit 6 Psych

classical conditioning

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events, automatic/involuntary behaviors

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher, Voluntary

Ivan Pavlov Experiment

He would ring a bell (neural stimulus), present dog with food (unconditioned stimulus), and the dog would salivate (unconditioned response). After doing this, the dog learns that bell (conditioned stimulus) means food and would salivate (conditioned response) without the food.

Unconditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

Unconditioned Response

the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

Conditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

Conditioned Response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

higher-order conditioning

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus (also known as Second Order Conditioning)

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Learned Helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Law of Effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Shaping

rewarding successive approximations as you get closer to a desired behavior

Chaining

teaching a complex response by linking together less complex skills

Postive Reinforcement

A stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. (Add desirable Stimulus)

Negative Reinforcement

A stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Remove Bad stimulus)

primary reinforcer

stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water

Conditioned Reinforcer

a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through prior learning

Immediate Reinforcer

a reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior

Delayed Reinforcer

a reinforcer that occurs in the future after a behavior

Continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs, Quick to learn but quick to forget

Partial reinforement

reinforcing a response only part of the time, slow to learn but hard to forget

fixed-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

variable-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

fixed-interval schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

variable-interval schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Skinner's experiment

operant chamber / Skinner box, a rat pushing a button to get food, not a natural action

Positive Punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Negative Punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

obervational learning (modeling)

social learning theory from imitation

mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

Prosocial Effects

Possible response of observational learning where positive behaviors are learned.

Antisocial Effect

Possible response of observational learning where negative behaviors are learned.

Latent Learning

Learning that becomes evident with reward, hidden learning

Insight

Sudden realization

Intrinsic motivation

doing something because you naturally enjoy it

Extrinsic Motivation

Do something because you are rewarded

Over-justification effect

When you reward something people enjoy, they enjoy the activity less and want an increase in the reward to justify doing the activity

Instinctive Drift

Go back to biological predispositions