Nationalism, Imperialism + Consequences of Industrial Revolution Study Guide

What did Liberals believe during the 1800s?

Liberals supported individual rights, democracy, freedom of speech/religion/press, and constitutional government.

What did Conservatives believe during the 1800s?

Conservatives wanted to preserve monarchies, traditional social order, and strong government and religion. Opposed revolutions.

What was the Congress of Vienna?

A series of meetings in 1814-1815 aimed at restoring order and stability in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, redrawing borders, and re-establishing monarchies.

How was nationalism a force of unity?

It united people with a common language, history, and culture, like in Germany and Italy.

How was nationalism a force of conflict?

Nationalism often led to tensions and conflicts between different ethnic groups and nations. It divided empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire as ethnic groups wanted independence.

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

They had coal and iron, a large labor force, stable government, inventions, and a strong trade network.

What were some positives of the Industrial Revolution?

More jobs, factories, advancements, steam engine, transportation (J-FAST)

What were some negatives of the Industrial Revolution?

Child labor, cramped cities, conditions (bad), wealth gap, pollution (CCCWP)

How did the Industrial Revolution lead to imperialism?

Industrial nations needed raw materials and new markets; improved transport and weapons made conquest easier.

What were the motives for imperialism?

Economic (resources/markets), social (racism), political (power/pride), religious (spread Christianity). (ESPR)

What was the “White Man’s Burden”?

The idea that Europeans had a duty to civilize non-Europeans.

What technologies helped European powers colonize?

Maxim gun, railroads, steamships, telegraph, quinine (anti-malaria medicine).

What was the Berlin Conference?

A meeting where Europeans divided Africa without African input, causing artificial borders and future conflict.

What was the Scramble for Africa?

Rapid colonization of Africa by European powers for land, resources, and status.

Direct vs. Indirect Rule?

Direct: foreign rulers control the colony. Indirect: local leaders stay but follow foreign rules.

What happened in the Belgian Congo?

King Leopold ruled brutally for rubber. Millions died from forced labor, starvation, and abuse.

What was the Sepoy Rebellion?

Indian soldiers rebelled against British disrespect and control. Led to Britain taking full control of India.

What happened in the Taiping Rebellion?

A massive civil war in China led by Hong Xiuquan. Over 20 million died. Religious and anti-Qing movement.

How did Ethiopia resist imperialism?

Menelik II modernized Ethiopia and defeated Italy at the Battle of Adowa.

How did Southeast Asia resist imperialism?

Uprisings and movements against colonial rule, with groups using religion, culture, and armed resistance to challenge European powers

What is a Protectorate?

Local rulers keep power but are controlled by a foreign country (e.g., Egypt under Britain).

What is a Sphere of Influence?

Area where a foreign power controls trade/influence (e.g., China).

What were the Opium Wars?

Britain sold opium in China. When China resisted, Britain used force. Led to unequal treaties.

What was the Treaty of Nanjing?

Ended the Opium War. China paid debt, gave Britain Hong Kong, opened ports, and accepted unfair terms.

What was the Meiji Restoration?

Japan modernized rapidly to avoid colonization and became an imperial power.

Who was Kwame Nkrumah?

Leader of Ghana’s independence movement. Ghana was the first sub-Saharan African country to become independent (1957).