EX 3: Prokaryote Evolution

5 kingdoms (not used anymore)

animalia, plantae, fungi, monera, protista

3 domians

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

bacteria

most known prokaryotes

archaea

extremophile prokaryotes

eukarya

all organisms whose cells contain true nucleus (single and multicellular)

prokaryote

unicellular organism with no nuclear envelope or membrane-bound organelles

early earth’s atmosphere had___

N, CO2, CH4, NH3, H2S from volcanic activity, little O2

gram stain

lab test to determine cell wall of bacteria

gram-positive bacteria

simple walls, large amounts of peptidoglycan

gram-negative bacteria

complex walls, less peptidoglycan

taxis

movement toward or away from a stimulus

flagella

whip-like appendage that twist like propeller; may have all over or just at one end

expatiation

modified by natural selection to preform new function

prokaryote dna

circular chromosomes

eukaryote dna

linear chromosomes

plasmids

small rings on prokaryote DNA molecules that independently replicate

binary fission

how prokaryotes reproduce, similar to mitosis; 2 identical daughter cells

bacteria generation time

1-3 hours, very short, allows lots of genetic diversity for selection to act on

horizontal gene transfer

3 mechanisms to transfer genes from one organism to another

conjugation

DNA transfer between two prokaryotes

transductions

viruses carry prokaryote DNA from one cell to another

transformation

prokaryote can detect and absorb DNA from environment as plasmid