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Alliance
2 . an association to further the common interests of the members
Tyrant
1a. an absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution
2b. one resembling an oppressive ruler in the harsh use of authority or power
INFO FACT
Mountains were barriers of communication, transportation and interaction = isolated. Therefore… residents of city-states were loyal to their particular city-state, NOT to overall Greece.
Instead of one large empire Greece had many small city-states, this lead to…
Lots of rivalry and frequent wars
Seas were what?
A vital link to the outside world
On what island did the Minoans build their early civilization?
Crete
Since the success of the Minoans depended on trade, what did they acquire through their contacts with Egypt and Mesopotamia?
They got ideas and technology which they then adapted to their culture
What are the three possible reasons for the collapse of the Minoan civilization?
1. A nearby volcano eruption
2. An earthquake that then led to a tidal wave/ tsunami
3. Invaders Mycanaens
Summary of Theseus and The Minotaur
Say it…
Where were the Mycenaeans located?
Greek mainland and then Crete
Like the Minoans, what was the success of the Mycenaeans based on?
Trade
How did the Mycenaeans live on the mainland?
ANSWER: In separate city-states because of the mountainous terrain
Around what year was Trojan war?
1250 BC
What two civilizations in the Trojan War?
Mycenaeans and city-state of Troy
What is the romantic legend which is said to have started the war?
The trojan prince, paris, captured Helen so the Mycenaeans went to Troy, for the next 10 years they were in battle
What is the real reason for the Trojan War to start?
Economic rivalry because they both were top trading cities
What was the result of the Trojan War?
The Mycenaeans captured Troy and burned the city
What happened to the Mycenaeans after the fall of Troy?
They got attacked by sea raiders.
Who was Homer?
Homer was a blind poet and legendary author who was responsible for the epics of the Iliad (about the events of the Trojan War) and the Odyssey (the 10-year journey home of Odysseus after the Trojan War).
What is another name for a city-state in ancient Greece?
The Greek word Polis
Describe the terrain (land) of Greece?
Very mountainy
From the geography of ancient Greece, why did the city-states develop differently from one another unlike the common city-states of Mesopotamia and Egypt?
Mountain terrain acted like barriers limited communication and transportation
Acropolis
Where temples and government where buildings were built
List the common ways that citizens participated in the city-states?
government, religious ceremonies, defense, and the economy.
In the Greek city-states, what were the two requirements of participating in the government?
Had to be a male and born in that particular polis
Which groups were not allowed to participate in the daily activities of the government?
Women, slaves, and foreigners
Due to isolation that was produced by the mountains of southern Greece, this city-state became suspicious of outsiders and their ideas. Therefore, travel was restricted to and from this city-state.
Sparta
Due to its proximity(closeness) to the Aegean Sea, this city-state encouraged travel and trade which helped spread and bring in ideas and new goods and create relationships with other places around the Mediterranean.
Athens
Claims to be the birthplace of democracy - “the rule of the people.”
Athens
Had an oligarchy (rule of a few) with two kings who led the city-state as well as serving as generals in the army.
Sparta
Main law-making body was the Assembly - a gathering place for all citizens to meet, discuss, and make laws/decisions.
Athens
Women did not participate in politics.
Athens AND Sparta
City-state included a class of helots - a group of captured individuals who became slaves. Many were needed so this city-state could concentrate their time and effort to their daily, military exercises.
Sparta
Women has no rights and subject to the household
Athens
Women had some rights - more than any other city-state
Sparta
Strong navy
Athens
Strong army
Sparta
Taught reading, writing, math, music, poetry, philosophy and more in schools or academies.
Athens
Boys taken from parents at age 7 to start training for life in the military. Learned the art of warfare and survival skills.
Sparta
Military camp for only two years from age 18-20.
Athens
Age 20, placed in ranks of military and at age 30, could marry but still lived in army housing.
Sparta
Education was important to the people of this city-state as they believed their government was dependent on having well-prepared citizens. Educated citizens would result in a stronger government.
Athens
Girls received little to no education - only taught spinning, weaving and other household duties.
Athens
Girls educated in subjects and could participate in gymnastics and other sports. This was thought to produce strong, healthy babies.
Sparta
Women enjoyed freedoms - could move around, own property and looked over property when husband was away.
Sparta
Women were kept at home and considered property of their husbands
Athens
Simple Lifestyle - no luxuries
Sparta
Enjoyed luxuries and foods from all over their empire due to their ability to travel and trade.
Athens
Emphasis on developing culture → art, education, architecture, drama/theater, science, philosophy and more.
Athens
Describes the process of what happens when a baby is born in Sparta?
They gave the babies to older people for them to decide if the baby was healthy enough or not healthy.
What are the two possibilities that might happen to a Spartan newborn in this process with the elders?
If not healthy enough the baby would get left on a mountain and if healthy enough they would live a free life.
What was the Spartan reasoning for the newborn process?
They think only the healthiest have a good and successful life
What is a Greek Hoplite?
A Greek soldier with lots of heavy equipment on
What is The Phalanx?
It was rows upon rows of men that stretched to a quarter mile long or more
Where did Greek gods and goddesses live?
Mount Olympus
God of the sky, ruler of the gods
Zeus
God of water?
Poseidon
Queen of gods
Hera
Goddess of wisdom, war, and the arts.
Athena
God of light, truth, and medicine
Apollo
Goddess of the jungle, childbirth, known for bow and arrow
Artemis
God of underworld
Hades
The god of violence, despised by other gods
Ares
God of fire and metalwork
Hephaestus
Goddess of love, beauty
Aphrodite
Messenger between gods and men
Hermes
Goddess of agriculture and vegetation
Demeter
Why did the ancient Greeks believe in a polytheistic faith, just like all the ancient civilizations we studied this year?
Human Activities, Natural Force
Which empire stretched from the outskirts of Greece down through Egypt all the way to India that threatened Greece after the Ionian city-states revolted?
The Persian Empire
What was the conflict between the Greek city-states and Persia called?
The Persian Wars
What were the causes of the Persian Wars?
The Ionian revolt
Describe The battle at Marathon
Marathon: first battle of persian war Persian army of 25,000 and Athenian army of 10,000, although outnumbered the Athenians won.
Who was Pheidippides and explain his importance?
Was a young runner and ran 26 miles (legend has it as 150 miles in two days) to tell Athens that they won the battle in Marathon. After reaching Athens and telling victory he died of exhaustion.
Describe The battle at Thermopylae
At a narrow mountain pass in Thermopylae, Xerxes and his persian army were blocked by 7,000 Greeks and 300 Spartans. A spartan leader Leonidas sacrificed himself, and the 300 spartan warriors, to allow other greek city-states to stay safe because a greek traitor tells the persians how to surround their army.
Describe the battle at Salamis
310 Greek ships got trapped by persian ships that were surrounding the island Salamis and blocking the seas channel, a naval battle then started. But the channel was too narrow for the large Persian fleet to move around well, this gave the Persians a disadvantage, and the Persians navy they got destroyed.
What did the Athenian army do to win the Battle at Marathon?
Did a surprise attack on the Persian army
Who won the Battle at Thermopylae?
The Persian Army
What was formed following the Persian Wars to stop future Persian invasion?
The Delian League formed between city-states with the purpose of warding off any future Persian invasion.
What was the conflict between Sparta and Athens called?
The Peloponnesian Wars
What were the causes of the Peloponnesian War?
Athens dominates Delian league, Anti-Athenian feelings spread throughout Greece, Sparta and allies form the Peloponnesian League
What were the two key events of the Peloponnesian War?
Sparta allies with Persia and a plague goes through Athens killing ⅓ of the population\
Which Greek polis came to dominate Greece following the Persian Wars?
Athens
What were the effects of the Peloponnesian Wars?
Athenian and overall Greece power decreases, new power called Macedonia rises
