INTELLIGENCE & PROBLEM SOLVING

Francis Galton

Late 1800s pioneer interested in developing an intelligence test.

Alfred Binet

Hired by the French government to test children and identify those needing educational support; first to introduce the concept of mental age.

Lewis Terman

Expanded Binet's ideas for English speakers, invented the Stanford-Binet test and introduced the IQ formula as mental age/chronological age x 100.

David Wechsler

Developed the first adult intelligence scale and the deviation IQ concept, which measures how an individual differs from their peers.

intelligence

A broad assessment across various domains, typically having a standard deviation of 15 points.

aptitude

Testing that measures specific abilities rather than general intelligence.

achievement

Assessment focused on what an individual has mastered.

cultural bias

A tendency for certain individuals to perform better on tests due to familiarity with the cultural context in which the test was created.

crystallized intelligence

Refers to the knowledge acquired through experience and education.

fluid intelligence

Involves reasoning, logic, and problem-solving abilities.

g-factor

General intelligence concept created by Charles Spearman, including verbal, spatial, and quantitative abilities.

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Model

Describes intelligence through a hierarchy of general, broad, and narrow abilities.

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Defines intelligence through three aspects: analytic, creative, and practical.

Gardner’s 8 Intelligences

Multiple distinct types of intelligences, such as kinesthetic, linguistic, and others.

heritability

Degree to which genetics can explain variations in intelligence within a population.

cumulative deprivation hypothesis

The idea that living in deprived environments negatively impacts intelligence.

Flynn Effect

The observed rise in intelligence test scores over generations, averaging a 3-point increase per decade.

giftedness

Refers to individuals who demonstrate exceptional intellectual capabilities.

intellectual disability

A developmental disorder characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

adaptive functioning

Ability to perform daily living activities; crucial for diagnosing intellectual disabilities.

convergent problems

Problems that have a known solution requiring learned strategies.

divergent problems

Problems without a known solution that necessitate creative, novel approaches.

inducing structure problems

Problems where the goal is to find relationships among variables.

means-end analysis

A problem-solving strategy focusing on reducing the difference between the current and goal states.

trial and error

A non-strategic method of problem-solving that involves random attempts.

algorithm

A step-by-step, systematic approach to solving problems that involves consideration of all possible solutions.

heuristic

A problem-solving shortcut that simplifies the process, though it may not guarantee a correct answer.

divergent thinking

A creative thinking process that seeks multiple solutions to a problem.

convergent thinking

A logical thinking process aimed at finding the best single solution to a problem.

preparation stage

The phase in creativity where one identifies and describes the problem to be solved.

incubation stage

The creative phase of setting a problem aside to allow subconscious processing.

insight stage

The moment when a solution suddenly becomes apparent; often referred to as the 'eureka moment'.

elaboration-verification stage

The phase in creativity where the proposed solution is tested and refined.

expertise

Deep knowledge in a specific area that enhances creative ability.

venturesome personality

Traits such as seeking new experiences and tolerance for ambiguity associated with creativity.

independence

A characteristic of creative individuals who make decisions based on personal judgments.

intrinsic motivation

Inner drive to engage in activities for their own sake, rather than for external rewards.