HOPKINS FINAL (i am cooked)

Skepticism

the idea that nothing is known for certain

Cabinet system

a group of advisers or ministers chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions

95 theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517.

Geocentric theory

the idea that the earth is in the center of the universe

Capitalism

an economic system based on private property and investments

deism

idea that God lets the universe run by its own laws and humans need to figure them out

mercantilism

an economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement that started in Europe in the 1700's, It emphasized reason and the scientific method.

Divine right

the belief that monarchs get their authority to rule directly from God

Social contract

An agreement between the people and their government where the people give up some rights and freedoms in exchange for protection

Habeas Corpus

meaning "you have the body"; a legal principle that requires aurthorities to show reasons why a person should be held in custody and to provide a speedy trial

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

3 estates

3 social classes in France prior to the French Revolution

Clergy, Nobility, Everyone else

legitimacy

hereditary right for a monarch to rule; brought monarchs back into power

Bill of Rights (1689)

A bill passed by Parliament and accepted by William and Mary that limited the powers of British monarchs and affirmed those of Parliament.

Heliocentric Theory

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

balance of power

a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe using a blockade, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Plebicite

a direct vote in which a countries people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal; in France's case, the vote made Napoleon emperor

Columbian exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Westernization

adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler, ended conflict between Lutheran and catholic states

Catholic Reformation

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Religious wars

Countries in Europe fought for decades trying to decide what religion to follow

Naming the New World

Christopher Columbus travels to the Americas to colonize them

Thirty Years War

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Age of Discovery

a period of time from the 15th to 17th century in which Europeans explored and mapped the world

Scientific revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

bastille day

people stormed the bastile (french prison) and is recognized as the start of the french revolution

7 years war

Fought in both continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in Indian and North America

National Assembly

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people

Dutch revolt

This was the revolt by the Netherlands against the Spanish in order to create their independent state

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812). France invaded Russia.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

War of the 3 Henrys

A civil war fought between Catholic Henry of Guise, Catholic King Henry III, and Protestant Henry of Navarre. Henry III was so focused on destroying Henry of Guise, who wanted to be King, that they killed each other, leaving Henry of Navarre the winner and new king of France

War of Spanish Succession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

War of Austrian Succession

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

Napoleon's Downfall

Napoleon escaped the island of elba. At the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon and his troops fought the British until the Prussian army came. The French ran, ending his 100 days of ruling. Then he was sent to a remote island, St. Helena, where he spent 6 years in exile.

Great Fear

A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789

North American War for Independence

American revolution; colonists killed one another over politics, engaged in violent protests, destroyed property ("Boston Tea Party"), killed Indians, etc. It was also a war of empire fought outside of North America

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

English Civil War

a conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Concert of Europe

a system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe

Coup d'etat

The way in which Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the directory and established the consulate. Means a sudden overthrow of the government by the people.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Peasant revolt

in 1524, the peasants demanded an end to serfdom, and led a revolt; Luther was horrified and wrote a pamphlet to the German princes to show the peasants no mercy; the peasants felt betrayed and rejected Lutheran's religious leadership

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and renounced his throne in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Martin Luther

wrote the 95 Theses as a critique of the Catholic Church while serving as a monk in Germany and is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation

Hapsburgs

Austrian rulers of the Holy Roman empire and the Netherlands

Hohenzollerns

Prussia's ruling family

Medici

Ruling family of Florence, built buisness on banking and became very rich. One became pope and they were patrons of the arts

Renaissance Painters

Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, drew on religion (but not just christianity) for themes and develeoped perspective techniques in their art

Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

Gutenburg

credited as the inventor of the movable type printing press (though the Chinese invented it much earlier)

Lutherians

Followers of Martin Luther; a type of protestant

Protestants

reformers who protested some practices of the catholic church

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise

Zwingli

an early challenger of the catholic church

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Ignatus of Loyola

founded the Jesuits, founded schools throughout Europe, converted people to Catholicism to stop the spread of protestantism

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Spanish Explorers

Included Columbus, Magellan, Pizarro, and Cortés

Romanovs

Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries.

Phillip II

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England ;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755); wrote Spirit of Laws

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

Chistopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Giovanni da Verrazano

Italian who explored east coast of US from NC to NY for France in 1524

Jaques Cartier

French explorer, found the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to Canada as a French possesion (1534)

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Velazquez

Spanish artist who painted realism

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Maria Theresa

A Hapsburg, tried to reduce the power of the nobles and increase the power of the people but it didn't work very well

Fredrick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.

Peter the Great

Czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars and proved the heliocentric theory

Bacon and Descartes

developed the scientific method

Enlightened Despot

Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power

Klemens von Metternich

This was Austria's foreign minister who went to the Congress of Vienna and supported legitimacy

Secular

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Patron

a person who provides financial support for the arts

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Restoration

restoration movements within the Christian church that sought to renew the church, often advocating for a return to earlier practices

Revolution

a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.

Nobles

people from rich and powerful families

Liberty

freedom

Reform

to bring back to rightness, order, or morality