Parts of the Cell

Plasma Membrane

-Provides barrier around cell

-Regulates movement of materials in and out of cell

-Provides cellular communication

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with ______ and _______

Proteins & Carbohydrates

Cytoplasm

The region between the plasma membrane and nucleus that is composed of cytosol and organelles

What does the Cytosol do?

Transports substances between organelles

The cytosol is a...

Thick gel-like fluid composed mostly of water and proteins

Organelles are...

Formed bodies suspended within cytosol

What does the centriole do?

Forms the mitotic spindle during cell division

What does the centriole look like?

Cylinder composed of 9 groups of 3 microtubules (2 in each cell)

What do the cilia do?

Propel substances across cell's surface

What do the cilia look like?

Long, slender outward projections of plasma membrane in certain cells

What does the flagellum do?

Moves a sperm

What does the flagellum look like?

Long, whip-like, outward projection

What do the microvilli do?

-Increase surface area or absorption;

-Provide sensory detection (ie. taste & hearing)

What do the microvilli look like?

Numerous tiny outward folds of plasma membrane

What do ribosomes do?

Synthesize polypeptides

What do ribosomes look like?

Small, spherical structures composed of RNA and proteins attached to the ER or free-floating in cytosol

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do?

-Synthesizes proteins

-Synthesizes plasma membrane components

What does rough ER look like?

Parallel flattened sacs with attached ribosomes & continuous with the nuclear envelope

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do?

-Detoxifies drugs/alcohol

-Synthesizes lipids

-Stores calcium

What does smooth ER look like?

Branching, tube-shaped sacs lacking ribosomes and continuous with the rough ER

What does the golgi complex (golgi apparatus) do?

-Synthesizes carbohydrates

-Modifies polypeptides

-Adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins

-Packages products into lysosomes or secretory vesicles

What do the mitochondrion do?

Synthesize ATP through aerobic respiration

What does the golgi complex look like?

Series of flattened, disc-shaped stacks (like a stack of pancakes)

What does the mitochondria look like?

Spherical or rod-shaped structure with an inner folded membrane

What does the lysosome do?

-Uses enzymes to digest phagocytized materials (ie. bacteria), extra/nonessential components within the cell, and even entire cells

-Uses enzymes to break down glycogen into glucose within cells

What does the lysosome look like?

Small spherical structure formed from the Golgi complex

What does the peroxisome do?

Uses enzymes to break down fatty acids and detoxify alcohol, drugs, and free radicals

What does the peroxisome look like?

Small, spherical structure formed from the ER

What does the cytoskeleton do?

-Supports cell structure

-Stabilizes positioning of organelles

-Participates in cell division

-Produces cell movement & contraction

-Attaches to cells and surroundings

What does the cytoskeleton look like?

Rods of protein

What does the secretory vesicle do?

Releases products from the cell through exocytosis

What does the secretory vesicle look like?

Small, spherical sac formed from the golgi complex

What does the nucleus look like?

Large, spherical, and often in the middle of the cell

What does the nuclear membrane do?

Regulates movement of materials between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

What does the nuclear membrane look like?

Double membrane with large NUCLEAR PORES surrounding the nucleoplasm

What does the nucleoplasm look like?

Gel-like material within the nucleus containing chromatin and nucleoli

What does the nucleolus do?

Synthesizes RNA

What does the nucleolus look like?

Small mass containing RNA and protein

What does the chromatin do?

Contains the genetic code

What does the chromatin look like?

Threadlike material composed of DNA and proteins