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Fear is separated into 2 groups
individual and collective/societal fear
major fear in the ancient world
women, foreigners, death
Jacque Lacan
his work: having relations with a prying mantis
Plays into anxiety: how the prying mantis will react, and the observer
How we feel being observed, more so the anxiety of being observed and perceived by the other
his perception of fear is hinged on the reaction of something
Julia Kristeva
the theory of abjection: breaking down of boundaries
When we have something that is familiar, but a certain boundary is crossed causing anxiety and distrust
it’s immoral, sinister, scheming, and shady
ex. being betrayed by a best friend, the fragility of law
Sigmond Freud
the theory of the uncanny
when something familiar is slightly distorted where it’s now perceived with uneasiness and anxiety
when boundaries decay
Fear is culturally specific
there are collective fears
archetypes that are supposed to represent everybody don’t work
Joseph Campbell
The Hero’s Journey
the typical path that a lot of stories take
hero having to deal with some sort of journey, more so killing the monster then returning the hero
mostly reflects western culture, but doesn’t really apply other culture specificities
Ashipu/asipu
the exorcist
highly trained magic practitioners
Stand in for Enki
Usually a man
Mesopotamia: the foreign
they considered foreigners as subhuman and beastly
Mesopotamia
The land between two rivers
ruled as a matriarchal system
short lived empires
udug
the summerian word for demon
a specific demon
often formless, can be male or female
targets individuals
can act positively or negatively
lamma
a protective spirit
benevolent goddess
always positive
depicted as female
Lamashtu
once a goddess, but was casted out of heaven for eating babies
represents infant mortality
Pazuzu
wind god
counter to Lamashtu
neither good nor bad, but a chaotic demon
The Netherworld
The mountains, the netherworld, foreign lands (KUR)
a place of no return (kur-nu-gi-a)
house where light doesn’t enter
home to: demons, the dead, gods who rule over both
represented by crossing a river
Scapegoat
a sacrificial scapegoat
ritual transfer
the process involved removing a spirit that was ailing someone, putting it in a goat and sacrificing the goat
Mesopotamia: forms of protection
sympathetic magic
amulets of pazuzu
incantations to remove the spirit of lamashtu or other demons form one’s being or living area
Kassaptu
the witch
usually unnamed
usually a female
Maqlu: “The Burning”
complex, nighttime ceremony to expel a witch
expels witch via statuettes/ figurines
witch cast out, burned
expelled from the netherworld, to be judge by the gods
Egypt: foreign
fears the foreign in respect to death and funerary rites
acknowledge the foreign
Egypt
has natural boundaries, has long periods of unification
Sinuhe
wants to return to egypt so he can be buried there
Shipwrecked Sailor
description of Punt
despite the glory ofPunt, egypt is superior
idea of the foreign as fantastical
Seth/ Set
represents chaos
set animal
deity and lord of the Red Land (desert)
sometimes the antagonist
the duat
the realm of the dead
the place where the dead and their souls go for judgement
Liminal
Ka= lies inside the heart, the person’s character
Ba=spirit that has to return to a person
The journey of the underworld
book of the dead
a very long scroll that tells people how to get to the good afterlife
includes spells that should be written in the person’s coffin, what steps need to occur to the body,
Shows Ani’s funeral
coffin texts
spells and incantations that are need for the trials in the after life
specifically for commoners
pyramid texts
spells and incantations that are need for the trials in the after life
specifically for the pharaoh and elites
democratization of the afterlife
the book of the dead is available for everyone because of mass production
