Patho exam 1

Patho exam 1

Pathophysiology (chapter 1)

The study of the body's response to dysfunction or disease

diagnosis (Disease Process)

Designation as the the nature of cause

Epidemiology (Chapter 1)

The branch of medicine which deals with the incidents, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

primary prevention (chapter 1)

Removing risk factors so disease does not occur (Ex. Immunizations)

secondary prevention (chapter 1)

Detecting diseases when still curable (Ex. Pap smear)

tertiary prevention (chapter 1)

Preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of disease (Ex. Antibiotics)

intracellular accumulations

is the buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Alleles

One or two alternative forms of a gene that arises from a mutation

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Multifactorial inheritance

Caused by multiple genes and many cases environmental factors

Cite the most susceptible period of intrauterine life for development of defects because of teratogenic agents (Chapter 5)

The embryonic period which is 15-60 post conception. During this period can be very dangerous for a fetus as disorders like fetal alcohol syndrome may occur

Describe methods used in arriving at a prenatal diagnosis including specificity and risks (Chapter 5)

Ultrasonography, material serum markers, invasive testing, Amniocentesis (risky), chronic villus sampling, percutaneous umbilical cord sampling, fetal biopsy, cytogenetic and biochemical analysis, alpha fetoprotein

Marfan Syndrome

Disorder of connective tissue (Eyes, skeletal, CV)
Clinical Manifestations: long thin body, long tapering fingers

Neurofibromatosis

- Neurogenic tumors of skin, eyes, or acoustic nerves
-NF-1
Diagnosis: signs and symptoms of a headache, hearing loss, and tinnitus

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

-Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase
-Clinical Manifestations: musty oder of infant, light color of hair and skin, seizures, eczema

Tay Sachs

-Deficiency disorder resulting in mental and physical deterioration
-Clinical Manifestations: Cherry red spots on macula, infants appear normal at birth, die around 4 to 5 years of age

Fragile X Syndrome

Clinical Manifestations: Mental retardation, large face, large mandible, large everted ears, large testes, premature ovarian failure

Downs Syndrome

-Chromosome 21 Trisomy
-Clinical Manifestations: flat facial features, upward slanting of eye, small low set malformed ears, open mouth with large protruding tongue, short stature

Tuners Syndrome

-Female only!
-Clinical Manifestation: Short in stature, absent ovaries, absent secondary characteristic, webbing of neck, lymphedema of hands and feet

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Clinical Manifestations: Microcephaly, short nose, small chin

Klinefelter Syndrome

-Male only!
-Clinical Manifestations: Enlarged breasts, sparse facial hair and body hair

Describe the pathway for hematologic spread of a metastatic cancer cell

-Break loose from the primary tumor
-invade the surrounding extracellular matrix
-gain access to a blood vessel
-survive its passage in the blood stream
-emerge from the blood stream in a favorable location
-invade the surrounding tissue
-begin to grow
-establish a blood supply

Define the term paraneoplastic syndrome and explain its pathogenesis and manifestations

-signs and symptoms at the primary and metastatic disease
-Cancer can produce manifestations in sites that are not directly affected by the disease

Compare the different screening mechanisms for cancer

Biopsy, Pap smear, MRI, X-ray, CT, Pet scan

Cite the most common types of cancer affecting infants, children, and adolescents

Neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, and Wilms Tumor

Prevalence (Disease Frequency)

A measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time

Incidence (Disease Frequency)

The number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specific time

amniocentesis

needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis (Most risky to disrupting pregnancy)

What does ultrasounds show?

State of organs and development

Multifactorial

Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

TORCH

Toxoplasmosis
Other
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
(Causes fetal abnormalities)

Dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

Clinical Manifestations (Disease Process)

The way the disease manifests such as a fever

signs and symptoms (Disease Process)

Structural and functional changes from disease

Etiology (disease process)

Cause of disease

Pathogenesis (Disease Process)

How the disease evolves

Ischemia

Lack of blood supply which causes lack of oxygen

teratogenic

known to have potential to cause developmental defects in the embryo or fetus

Clinical manifestations of cancer

-paraneoplastic syndrome
-fatigue
-cachexia
-anemia
-leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
-infection
-gastrointestinal tract
-hair and skin

paraneoplastic

Signs and symptoms at the sites of primary and metallic disease

Lung cancer can spread to another area via...

Circulatory System

benign tumor

Cells are organized with well differentiation

Morbidity

Describes the effects an illness has on a persons life

mortality

Pertains to the cause of death in a given population

evidence-based practice

The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care individual patients

If something undergoes damage repeatedly , what vitamin creates a pathological issue which leaks

Calcium

Morphological Changes (Disease Process)

Structure or form of cell or tissue

Clinical Course (Disease Process)

The evolution of the disease. Acute, subacute, or chronic.

Atrophy

decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Metaplasia

Reversible change where an adult cell type is replaced by a different adult cell type

Dysplasia

Abnormal development of tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization

osteogenesis imperfecta

brittle bone disease (due to defects in collagen)

autosomal reccesive

Two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disorder, disease, or trait to develop (both parents are carriers)

period of vulnerability

15-60 days after conception

Disease Case (Disease Frequency)

can be either an existing case or the number of new episodes of a particular illness

Congenital

present from birth

Genetic Influence

Genetic studies of longevity genes (Plays a huge role)

Necrosis

Cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living person

What organs do pharmacy drugs harm the most?

Liver and kidneys

Physical Agents

Mechanical forces
Extremes of temperature
Electrical forces

Metastatic calcification

Occurs in normal tissue as the result of increased serum calcium levels

Dystrophic Calcification

macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in injured tissue

acute lymphocytic leukemia

Peak incidence in children 2 to 5 years of age

Anaplasia

A change in the structure of cells, loss of cell differentiation

Adenoma

Benign tumor of epithelial tissue

Sarcoma

Tumor that affects connective tissue and soft tissue in rare form

Fatigue

Biochemical systems impaired, physiologic

Cachexia

Weakness and wasting of the body

Anemia

May be related to blood loss, iron deficiency, hemolysis, impaired red blood cell production, or treatment effects

Leukopenia and Thrombocytopenia

Chemotherapy

Infection

Weakened immune response to-chemo

Gastrointestinal Tract

Anorexia

Hair and Skin

Loss due to chemo attacking all cells

Biopsy

The removal of a small piece of tissue for examination

venous thrombosis

The formation of blood clots within a vein

pathologic calcifications

is the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other minerals.

TMN

Tumor, Metastases, Nodes

TMN levels

Stage 0- no cancer, only abnormal cells with potential to become cancer
Stage 1- cancer is small and in one area
Stage 2/3-cancer is large and has grow into nearby tissue or lymph nodes
Stage 4- cancer has spread to other parts of the body

Why do people with stage cancer start to waste (get skinny)?

The tumor needs blood and nutrients so its takes it away from the body

Calcification

Happens if something is injured or damaged.

Apoptosis

the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.

Acute

New, usually of rapid onset and of concern

Chronic

Long-standing and constant

Adenocarcinoma

A malignant tumor formed glandular structures in epithelial tissue

Osteoma

Benign tumor of bones

Cystic fibrosis

Exocrine disorder involving lungs and pancreas

Malignant

Rapid growth (loss of differentiation), loss of usual organization

Lymphoma

Cancer that begins in infection- fighting cells of the immune system (aka lymphnocytes)

Neoplasia

Altered cell differential (new) growth

Leukemia

Cancer of the blood and bone marrow

Hormone and anti hormone

Affected for hormone based cancer

Grading of tumors

-involves microscopic examination of cells
-based on level of differentiation & \# of mitosis
-Graded I-IV
-Grade I \= well differentiated, better prognosis
-Grade IV \= poorly differentiated, marked anaplasia, poor prognosis

Senescence

Natural death

Carcinoma in situ

-Cancer is localized pre invasive lesions (cells don't cross membrane)
- ex: cervical cancer

sensitivity and specificity

Determining the likelihood or how well the test or observation identifies people with or without a disease