Reproductive

When does breast development occur?

Begins in the 1^st trimester both male & female—> Estrogen stimulates the lactiferous ducts to develop during puberty

When does breast maturation occur?

ONLY with pregnancy and lactation do the breasts fully mature

What is the region of milk transport in the breast?

Ductules & ducts

Timeframes of colostrum production

Breasts produce colostrum at 16 weeks gestation.

Colostrum fills the ducts in the 3^rd trimester.

Colostrum is secreted in small amounts during the first 4 days after delivery.

Prolactin stimulates…

milk production

Oxytocin stimulates…

milk ejection

Hormone responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty

estrogen

Hormone responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty

Testosterone and DHT

Symptoms of PCOS

hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, ovarian cysts, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia/DM, hyperlipidemia, acne, thinning hair, central obesityEffects

Effects of PCOS on the menstrual cycle

irregular/infrequent menstruation, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, infertility

Hormone levels associated with PCOS

LH>FSH, excessive theca cell androgen production

Risk factors for PCOS

family HX, genetics, lifestyle: obesity/fat distribution

Risk factors of prostate cancer

advanced age, diet, obesity, Western lifestyle, African descent, family history

What lab test is used to screen for prostate cancer?

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood levels

What is a drawback of using PSA for screening?

PSA is nonspecific though, may result in overtreatment

What are the current guidelines for utilizing PSA screening?

assess longitudinally (disease has slow progression), the current guidelines for PSA screening= men aged 50-69

What physical examination technique screens for prostate cancer?

• Physical exam: digital rectal exam (DRE), active surveillance for tumors

Symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

Asymptomatic until compression of urethra, then most common complaint is lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). LUTS= frequency, urgency, difficulty initiating stream, retention, frequent nocturnal voiding

Physical exam finding in BPH

• evident gland enlargement

Function of the testes

produce sperm and secrete testosterone

Function of Sertoli cells

provide support & nutrients to germ cells

produce hormone inhibin

Function of Leydig cells

produce testosterone

Function of the scrotum

maintain a lower body temperature for optimal spermatogenesis

Primary function of the prostate

secrete fluid during ejaculation (coagulation factors and alkaline)

Function of the epididymis

sperm receive nutrients and mature

sperm storage

The hormone responsible for spermatogenesis

testosterone