Macromolecules

Carbon Electronegativtiy

2.55

Hydrogen Electronegativtiy

2.2

Nitrogen Electronegativtiy

3.04

Oxygen Electronegativtiy

3.44

Phosphorus Electronegativtiy

2.19

Sulfur Electronegativtiy

2.58

Polar covalent functional groups

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate

Ionizing functional groups

Carboxyl, phosphorus, amino

Hydroxyl

OH

Carbonyl

C=O

Carboxyl

COOH

Amino

NH2

Ionized amino

NH3+

Ionized carboxyl

COO- + H+

Phosphate

PO4H2

Ionized Phosphate

PO4- + H2+

Sulfhydryl

SH

Methyl

CH3

Chemical Polarity

Difference in electronegativity

Structural polarity

Difference in structure

Functional Polarity

Difference in function

Monosaccharide

Monomer for Carbohydrate

Polysaccharide

Polymer for carbohydrate

Glycosidic bonds

bond between monosaccharides

Functional group of carbohydrates

hydroxyl

Parts of a nucleic acid

Nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group

Nucleotide

monomer for nucleic acid

Phosphodiester bond

Bond between the hydroxyl of the carbon- 3 of the sugar and the phosphate of the carbon-5 of the sugar

Hydrogen bonds

Bonds between the five carbon sugar and the nitrogenous base

Guanine - Cytosine bonds

three hydrogen bonds

Adenine - Thymine bonds

Two hydrogen bonds

Peptide bonds

The bond between amino and carboxyl in amino acids

Primary structure

Amino N-terminal and Carboxyl C-terminal

Secondary Structure

Hydrogens bonds formed in alpha helices and beta sheets

Tertiary Structure

Depend on R-groups, can form hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, or disulfide bridges

Quaternary Structure

Between separate polypeptides

Types of lipids

Fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, steroids

Parts of a triglyceride

glycerol and fatty acid

Ester linkage

bond between glycerol (hydroxyl) and a fatty acid (carboxyl)