Psych/Soc 3 - Behavior, Emotion, Motivation, Social, Personality, Psychological Disorders

Nervous system & behavior, brain structures, neurotransmitters, emotion, emotion theories, emotion concepts, stress, stress effects, coping, motivation, incentive theory, biological & social influences, attitudes, attitude theories, behavioral influences, social psychology, personality theories, humanistic theory, biological theory, behaviorist theory, trait theory, social learning, psychological disorders, substance use, addiction treatment

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All nerves outside CNS

Afferent Neurons

Sensory neurons carrying info to CNS

Efferent Neurons

Motor neurons carrying signals out from CNS

Motor Unit

Lower motor neuron + muscle fibers

Neuromuscular Junction

Connection between neuron and muscle

Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)

Directly control muscles

Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)

Control LMNs

LMN Signs

Muscle atrophy, fasciculations, hypotonia, hyporeflexia

UMN Signs

Hyperreflexia, clonus, hypertonia

Corticospinal Tract

Controls voluntary movement

Corticobulbar Tract

Controls head/neck muscles

Gray Matter

Neuron cell bodies

White Matter

Myelinated axons

Frontal Lobe

Motor control, decision-making

Parietal Lobe

Sensory processing

Occipital Lobe

Vision

Temporal Lobe

Hearing, language

Cerebellum

Coordinates movement

Brainstem

Controls vital functions

Reticular Formation

Controls arousal and alertness

Basal Ganglia

Motor control, habits

Thalamus

Sensory relay center

Hypothalamus

Maintains homeostasis, autonomic control, controls endocrine system

Corpus Callosum

Connects hemispheres

Glutamate

Excitatory neurotransmitter

GABA

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glycine

Inhibitory (spinal cord)

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Muscle movement, memory

Dopamine

Reward, motivation

Serotonin

Mood regulation

Norepinephrine

Alertness, stress

Histamine

Wakefulness

Limbic System

Emotional processing system

Amygdala

Fear, aggression

Hippocampus

Memory formation

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

Amygdala damage → hypersexuality, disinhibition

Prefrontal Cortex

Decision-making, impulse control

James-Lange Theory

Physiological response → emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotion + physiology simultaneously

Schachter-Singer Theory

Arousal + cognitive label = emotion

Lazarus Theory

Cognitive appraisal → emotion

Physiological Component

Body response (heart rate)

Cognitive Component

Interpretation of situation

Behavioral Component

Action/response

Universal Emotions

Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Optimal performance at moderate arousal

Stress

Response to perceived threat

Stressors

Events causing stress

Primary Appraisal

Is threat present?

Secondary Appraisal

Can I cope?

General Adaptation Syndrome

3 stages of stress response

Alarm Stage

Initial reaction

Resistance Stage

Adaptation

Exhaustion Stage

Depletion

Cortisol

Stress hormone

Epinephrine

Fight-or-flight hormone

Cardiovascular

Hypertension, heart disease

Metabolic

Increased glucose

Immune

Inflammation

Reproductive

Decreased function

Learned Helplessness

Loss of control → passive behavior

Problem-Focused Coping

Address stressor

Emotion-Focused Coping

Manage emotional response

Social Support

Reduces stress

Meditation

Lowers stress response

Exercise

Improves resilience

Motivation

Why behavior occurs

Drive-Reduction Theory

Reduce physiological needs

Optimal Arousal Theory

Seek ideal arousal

Cognitive Theory

Behavior driven by thoughts

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Needs organized in pyramid

Physiological

Basic survival

Safety

Security

Love/Belonging

Relationships

Esteem

Self-respect

Self-Actualization

Full potential

Incentive

Motivation through rewards

Positive Reinforcement

Encourage behavior

Immediate Reward

Strongest reinforcement

Biological Factors

Genes, hormones, brain

Sociocultural Factors

Culture, environment

Food Regulation

Leptin, insulin, hypothalamus

Sexual Response Cycle

Excitement → plateau → orgasm → resolution

Drug Use

Dopamine, environment

Attitude

Evaluation of object/person

ABC Model

Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive

Theory of Planned Behavior

Intentions predict behavior

Attitude-to-Behavior Model

Event triggers attitude

Prototype Willingness Model

Behavior influenced by social image

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Persuasion via central or peripheral route

Foot-in-the-Door

Small request → larger compliance

Role-Playing

Behavior shapes attitude

Cognitive Dissonance

Conflict between beliefs and actions

Ways to Reduce Dissonance

Modify beliefs, trivialize, add justifications, deny conflict

Attribution

Explaining behavior

Internal Attribution

Personality cause

External Attribution

Situational cause

Consistency

Behavior across time

Distinctiveness

Behavior across situations