animal biology- chapter 1: phylogeny

Taxonomy

Hierarchical framework for classifying organisms.

Phylogeny

History of species development and relationships.

Binomial nomenclature

Two-part naming system for species.

Cladistics

Method for classifying organisms based on shared traits.

Cladogram

Diagram showing evolutionary relationships among taxa.

Homology

Similarity due to common ancestry.

Homoplasy

Similarity not due to common ancestry.

Evolutionary convergence

Similar traits evolve independently in different lineages.

Clade

Group including a common ancestor and descendants.

Polarity

Ancestral/descendant relationships of character states.

Outgroup comparison

Method to determine character state polarity.

Synapomorphy

Shared derived trait defining a clade.

Comparative morphology

Study of organismal structure shapes and sizes.

Comparative biochemistry

Analysis of gene and protein sequences.

Comparative cytology

Study of chromosome numbers and structures.

Morphological classification

Classification based on physical characteristics.

Carolus Linnaeus

Developed modern classification system in the 18th century.

Taxonomic ranks

Levels in the classification hierarchy.

Species epithet

Second part of the binomial name.

Genus

First part of the binomial name.

Evolutionary tree

Diagram illustrating evolutionary relationships.

Character

Feature used to construct phylogenetic relationships.