Midterm ED

Intrinsic Rewards

The internal satisfaction and sense of achievement one gains from teaching, such as personal growth and fulfillment.

Extrinsic Rewards

External rewards or benefits received from teaching, like salary, job stability, and recognition.

Common School Movement

A movement aimed at providing free and universal public education in the United States during the 19th century.

Head Start

A program that provides early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and families.

Title I

A federal program that provides financial assistance to schools with high numbers of children from low-income families.

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

A U.S. Act aimed at improving public schools by increasing standards and accountability.

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

A U.S. law that governs K-12 public education policy, replacing NCLB with more state control.

Standardized Testing

Tests administered and scored in a consistent manner, used to measure students' performance.

Common Core State Standards

A set of educational standards for teaching and assessing K-12 students in mathematics and English language arts.

Exceptionalities

Diverse learning needs and conditions that require special education services, including disabilities and giftedness.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage our own emotions and the emotions of others.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

A document developed for each public school child who needs special education, outlining specific educational goals and services.

Learning Disabilities

Neurodevelopmental disorders that affect a person's ability to learn, process, or communicate information.

Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner's theory that proposes eight different types of intelligences that reflect different ways of learning.

Bloom’s Taxonomy

A hierarchical classification of the different levels of thinking, learning, and understanding.

Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance.

Social Emotional Learning (SEL)

The process of acquiring skills to manage emotions, set goals, show empathy, maintain relationships, and make responsible decisions.

In loco parentis

The legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

A civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability in various areas, including education.

Trauma-informed Practices

Approaches that recognize the impact of trauma on students and emphasize creating a supportive environment.

Collective Bargaining

The process in which representatives of employees negotiate with employers regarding working conditions, salaries, and benefits.

Grief Rituals

Culturally specific practices that help individuals express and process grief.

Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

An educational framework that aims to optimize teaching by providing multiple means of engagement, representation, and action.

Perennialism

An educational philosophy that emphasizes enduring ideas and universal truths, focusing on the teaching of classic works and subjects.

ESL

English as a Second Language, focusing on teaching English to non-native speakers.

Gender bias

The preferential treatment or discrimination based on an individual's gender, often resulting in unequal opportunities or outcomes in various contexts such as education and employment.

Learning styles

The concept that individuals have preferred ways of learning, which can influence their educational experiences and outcomes.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A theory proposed by Jean Piaget that outlines the progression of children's cognitive development through four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Stretch and Challenge

An educational approach that encourages students to extend their learning and develop higher-order thinking skills by providing tasks that are both engaging and demanding.

Equity

The principle of fairness in education that ensures all students have access to the resources and opportunities they need to succeed, recognizing and addressing individual differences.

Gradual Release of Responsibility

An instructional framework that gradually shifts the responsibility of learning from the teacher to the students. It involves phases of modeling, guided practice, and independent work to promote student autonomy.

Looping

A teaching practice where teachers stay with the same group of students for multiple years, allowing for deeper relationships and continuity in learning.

Combo classes

Classes that combine students from different grade levels, often to promote collaboration and differentiated instruction.

School board

A group of elected officials responsible for overseeing the management and policies of a school district, including budgeting, curriculum, and hiring of personnel.

Categorical funding

Funding allocated for specific programs or student populations, often tied to state or federal guidelines.

Per pupil spending

The amount of money spent by a school district for each student enrolled, encompassing all educational expenses such as personnel, facilities, and materials.

School bond measure

A proposal put to voters to authorize the issuance of bonds to raise funds for school construction, renovation, or improvement projects.

4th Amendment

The amendment to the United States Constitution that protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause.

Tinker v. DesMoines

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the constitutional rights of students in public schools, affirming their right to free speech as long as it does not disrupt the educational process.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

A federal law that protects the privacy of student education records and gives parents rights to access and control their child's educational information.

Section 504

of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs receiving federal financial assistance, ensuring equal access to education and necessary accommodations.

Due process

refers to the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights owed to a person, including fair procedures in educational settings.