Music History Final

Haydn known for?

104(6) Symphonies; 68 String Quartets

Mozart known for?

41 Symphonies; Concertos, Operas

Beethoven known for?

9 Symphonies; 32 Piano Sonatas

Verdi known for?

19th Century Italian Opera Giant

Wagner

Music drama

Brahms

Absolute music, 4 symphonies

Strauss

Tone poems and operas

Stravinsky

20th century pacesetter

Sammartini
Stamitz
Haydn
Mozart
Beethoven
Schubert
Schumann
Mendelssohn Berlioz
Brahms (Dvorak) Smetena, Dvorak
Tchaikovsky Liszt
Bruckner R. Strauss
Mahler
Sibelius
Rachmaninov, Shostokovich
Copland, Bernstein, Harris, Piston

Symphonic composers

Zumsteeg
Loewe
Schubert
Franz
Schumann
Brahms
Wolf
Strauss
Mahler

German lieder composers

Berlioz
Gounod
Massenet
Fauré
Duparc
Chausson
Debussy
Ravel
Hahn
Poulenc

French melodie composers

Pergolesi
Gluck
Mozart
Rossini
Bellini
Donizetti
Verdi
Leoncavallo, Mascagni
Puccini
Menotti

Italian opera composers

Mozart
Weber
(Meyerbeer)
Wagner
R. Strauss
Schönberg
Berg
Hindemith

German opera composers

Lully
Rameau
Gluck
Auber
Berlioz
Bizet
Massenet
Saint-Saëns
Debussy
Poulenc

French opera composers

Henry Purcell
John Blow
John Gay
Thomas Augustine Arne
Arthur Sullivan
Ralph Vaughan Williams
William Walton
Benjamin Britten
Michael Tippett

British opera composers

Glinka
Musorgsky, Borodin, Rimski-Korsakov
Tchaikovsky
Prokofiev
Shostakovich

Russian opera composers

Did Schönberg and Stravinsky meet to
discuss compositional techniques?

No

Who did Olivier Messiaen train?

Boulez, Stockhausen

Stockhausen was strongly associated with the
________ ________ festival of new music.

progressive Darmstadt

Beethoven is primarily remembered today as
a symphonist and as a composer for the piano.
He only wrote one successful opera:

Fidelio

Despite the fact that Mozart was much younger than the well-established Haydn, Haydn was able to learn more about symphonic writing from Mozart, whose influence can be seen in which 12 late Haydn symphonies?

Haydn’s “London Symphonies”

What Austrian capital became an important
cultural center during the 1700s?

Vienna

Noble patronage began to decrease in the late 1700s throughout most of Europe, so composers and musicians began cater to the tastes of whom?

the rising middle class

In the Classic Period, what Baroque musical approach was largely abandoned in favor of employing two or more contrasting thematic ideas within single movements.

The doctrine of affections

What form became the standard in first movements of Haydn’s symphonies and string quartets?

Sonata form

Comic Opera had several sources, one of which was the what?

Intermezzo

In what opera did Wagner’s ambiguous uses of tonal harmony begin to contribute to tonality’s eventual dissolution as seen in the atonality experienced in the early 20th century?

Tristan und Isolde

Schönberg’s work in the direction of atonality
led him to create his system of composing with
12 tones, and to what he called the what? of
dissonance?

The emancipation of dissonance

Before 1800, orchestras rarely had more than about how many musicians in them?

25

By the year 1900, it was not uncommon to find how many players in an orchestra?

100 or more

Richard Wagner invented the what?, a form in which every aspect of a theatrical production was
integrated in such a way that the drama was fully
and powerfully realized.

Music drama

What German term means a totally integrated artwork, as in the type of work a Music Drama is supposed to be?

Gesamtkunstwerk

Did Wagner write his own librettos?

Yes

Hugo Wolf
Anton Bruckner
Claude Debussy
Gustav Mahler
Cesar Franck
What German composer strongly influenced all these composers?

Wagner

Serial music is music that places various musical
elements in a:

fixed sequence

Atonal music is music with no _____ _______

tonal center

Dodecaphonic music uses all twelve tones of the
chromatic scale in an equal distribution, arranged in a fixed order and is thus a kind of atonal music, as well as a type of what kind of music?

Serial music

What element of music cannot be serialized?

They can all be serialized

Minimalism involves repetition and slight variation of musical _______

patterns

In the second half of the 20th century, composers explored the pitch _______

continuum

When was the Enlightenment?

Late 1700s

Who was involved in the Enlightenment?

Voltaire

Rousseau

Montesquieu

What were the values of the Enlightenment?

Liberté Equalité, Fraternité!

Years of American and French Revolutions?

1775-1783
1789-1799

When did Mozart die?

1791

What is the name of the little period between the Baroque and Classical that bridges them together?

Rococo

What is the stil galant?

A French style of the mid 1700s, characterized by
pleasantness and prettiness.

What is Empfindsamkeit?

A late 1700s German version of the stil galant of, but much more emotionally expressive, often exploring the darker emotions.

Johann Stamitz worked famously in what German city?

Mannheim

What form has an exposition, development, and a recapitulation?

Sonata form

Who famously studied with J. C. Bach in London?

Mozart

Who wrote the Manzoni Requiem?

Verdi

What five things have characterized western music since around 1000 A.D?

Polyphony
Notation
Composition
Principles of Order
And a little later, Response to Market Forces!

With whom did Stravinsky study when he was just
starting out?

Rimsky-Korsakov

In what ways is a Mozart Singspiel different from a
Wagner music drama?

Number structure, and no Gesamtkunstwerk
philosophy

How did Beethoven change the symphonic form he
borrowed from Haydn and Mozart?

Greatly expanded formal dimensions
Traded minuet and trio for the scherzo
Added trombones and piccolo

What is a leitmotif?

A signature cue

What composers were interested in Folk Song?

Ralph Vaughan Williams
Bela Bartok
Gustav Holst
Johannes Brahms
Mili Balakirev
Zoltan Kodaly
Ruth Crawford Seager

Who was a composer of symphonies subtitled "Italian" and "Scottish?“

Mendelssohn

Who was the opera composer known principally as a reformer of the abuses he saw in the Italian operas in the late 18th century?

Gluck

Who was principally responsible for the development of symphonic form in the late 18th century?

Haydn

Who focused on composing for one genre at a time, and edited Der Neue Zeitschrift für Musik?

Schumann

Who dominated musical life in Europe in the early 19th century, one of the great disruptive forces in music history, nine symphonies?

Beethoven

Who was the consummate piano virtuoso that also pioneered the symphonic poem?

Liszt

Who was the first leader of the Romantic movement's radical wing, wrote program symphonies, and was French?

Berlioz

Name someone who was a piano virtuoso, violinist, prolific composer of opera and symphonies, whose music was a synthesis of national styles illuminated by his genius, and who was a child prodigy?

Mozart

Who wrote electronic and serial music, taught math and music courses at Princeton?

Babbitt

Who wrote 24 preludes in all the major and minor keys for piano, his works demand a flawless technique; Polish?

Chopin

What late 19th century conservative symphonist in the tradition of Beethoven, wrote a Protestant requiem?

Brahms

Who was the most important of all German Romanitic opera composers, known for bold harmonic advances leading to the breakdown of tonality?

Wagner

Who is best known for his work in "metric modulation?"

Carter

What composer-conductor, wrote long complex
symphonies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and served as the Director of the Vienna Opera?

Mahler

What late Romantic German opera and tone poem
composer was branded a Nazi sympathizer?

Richard Strauss

What German theorist, composer, and teacher,
developed a quartal harmonic idiom?

Hindemith

Name 3 minimalists:

Glass, Adams, Reich

Who was the “prophet of indeterminacy?”

Cage

Name the Russian big five:

Balakirev, Cui, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Borodin

Name the French Les Six:

Milhaud, Poulenc, Honegger, Auric, Durey, and Tailleferre

Who famously was not a member of Les Six?

Ravel

Development of the Symphony: Sammartini

Independent Sinfonia, 3 mvts (F-S-F)

Development of the Symphony: Stamitz

4 mvt symphonies

Development of the Symphony: Haydn

Prolific, first master of the form, 104 symphonies

Development of the Symphony: Mozart

Advanced orchestration, personal expression

Development of the Symphony: Beethoven

Expanded expressive power, orchestration

Development of the Symphony: Schubert

Lyricism, three themes

Development of the Symphony: Berlioz

Program symphony, expanded orchestration

Development of the Symphony: Brahms

Absolutist symphonies in the Beethoven tradition

Development of the Symphony: Tchaikovsky

Wrung emotion out of late symphonies form

Development of the Symphony: Bruckner

Wrote absolutist symphonies in the style of Wagner

Development of the Symphony: Liszt

Symphonic poem pioneer

Development of the Symphony: Strauss

Symphonic poem expanded

Development of the Symphony: Mahler

Synthesis of two great symphonies traditions

Development of the Symphony: Stravinsky

Neoclassic works in symphonic form