BIOL 1000 - Terms

matter

occupies space and has mass

chemical

purified substance

element

cannot be broken down into other substances
92

compound
How many do humans need?
How many do plants need?

2 or more different elements combined
Most compounds have 3-4 elements
Humans need 25
Plants need 17

At the most basic level what are we made out of?

chemicals

Atom

smallest unit of matter

Electron shells amounts

2, 8, 8

covalent bond

NA+CL-
Share electrons

Ionic bond

transfer ions between atoms

Molecules

2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Product

the end result

Reactant

starting materials in a reaction

What rearranges matter?

Chemical Reactions

Cohesion

Molecules of the same kind are attracted to each other

Solvent

dissolving agent (water)

Adhesion

One substance clinging to another

Solute

Substance that gets dissolved in the solvent
(salt)

Solution

Liquid with 2 or more substances

Water + Solvent \=

Life

What is an H+ donator?

Acid

What is an H+ acceptor?

Base

Atomic number

All atoms have the same number of protons

Atomic Mass

protons + neutrons
measured in daltons

Isotope

Same number of protons
Different number of neutrons

Inert chemical

Full shells

Bonding capacity is known as:

Valence

Organic compounds

Compounds that contain carbon

Isomer

same formula, different structure

Hydrocarbon

energy

OH-

hydroxyl group

C\=O

carbonyl group

COOH

carboxyl group

NH2

Amino Group

Amino + Carboxyl

amino acid

PO4

Phosphate

CH3

Methyl

Small molecules joined make a: (monomers become)

polymer

dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
Binds monomers together into Polymers

hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water
Turns polymers into monomers

Unsaturated fats contain

Double bonds
Causes kinks and they are not closely packed tacked together
Not saturated with Hydrogen

Saturated fats

No double bonds
Max H+ attached
Saturated with H+
Solid at room temp cuz they are so packed together

Which group is Glycerol made from?

3 carbons and each has a Hydroxyl group

A polypeptides monomer is called:

an amino acid

What are the covalent bonds that bond together amino acids called?

peptide bond

Primary Structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

Secondary Structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

Tertiary Structure

3D shape overall

quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Which element is not a trace element in the body?

Nitrogen

What forms the backbone of DNA and RNA molecules?
(3 things)

(-) charged phosphate group
5 Carbon Sugar
Nitrogenous Base (nucleotides)

Which 5 Carbon Sugar does DNA have?
Which 5 carbon sugar doe RNA have?

Deoxyribose (the D in DNA)
Oxyribose (the R in RNA)

Which organelles do plant cells do not have?

lysosomes and centrosomes

What differentiates a plant cell from an animal cell?

CELL WALL

Plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

Chlorplast

Photosynthesis happens here, contains chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight

central vacuole

water storage compartment

Endomembrane system

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell

Vacuoles

storage in plant cells

perioxisomes

Make Hydrogen Peroxide
Take Fatty acids and harmful compounds and turn it into H2O

Thylakoid
Each stack is a:

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
Each stack is a granum

Potential Energy and Chemical Energy

Stored energy

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness.

exergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy
releases heat

endergonic reaction

Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.

energy coupling

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

phosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

Activation Energy

energy that is needed to get a reaction started

substrate, active site

molecule to which and enzymes bind & part where they bind

Redox reaction

oxidation reduction reaction
transfer of electrons from one molecule to another

OIL RIG

oxidation is loss
reduction is gain

NAD+

electron carrier involved in glycolysis
accepts electrons and becomes NADH

Location of thylakoids

inside the stroma
Just a small portion is the thylakoid
The entire portion is called a granum

location of stroma

Space inside the choloplast

What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

redox reaction

Mesophyll

the tissue in the interior of the leaf
green

stomata

tiny pores allowing plant to "breathe"

chlorphyll

light absorbing pigment in the chloroplasts, converts solar energy to chemical energy.

Calvin Cycle takes place in the

stroma

carbon fixation

incorporating carbon from co2 into organic compounds

electromagnetic energy

sunlight, travels in waves

Photosystem reaction center

boosting electrons to a higher energy level. As they come back down they release energy for ATP production and NADPH

Why do plants look green?

The wavelength determines the color. Red, blue get absorbed so it reflects the green color, so it looks green

What energy does chlorophyll use to excite electrons?

light energy

Binary Fission

asexual cell division, only in prokaryotes. dividing in half

Most of the cells life cycle is spent in which phase?

Interphase

How much time does a cell spend in mitosis?

10%

homologous

matching pair of chromosomes

Locus

Location of a gene on a chromosome

autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Chiasmata

X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred.

Crossing over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

F2 Generation

offspring of the F1 generation

F1 generation

offspring of the P generation
hybrid

P generation

true-breeding parents

heterozygous

2 different alleles

Monohybrid Cross

A cross with 2 organisms heterozygous in one character
Bb x Bb

Phenotype vs. Genotype

- Phenotype: expressed physical traits
- Genotype: Genetic make-up
appearance vs gene allele ( genetic code)

Linked Genes

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses.