Developmental Theories Quiz

Human Development

Scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people

Lifespan development

Human development as a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically: “womb to tomb”

Age span of Trust vs Mistrust

birth to 12-18 months

Trust vs Mistrust

Baby develops sense of whether world is a good and safe place

Age span for Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

12-18 months to 3 years old

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

Child develops balance of independence and self sufficiency

Age Span for Initiative vs Guilt

3 to 6 years old

Initiative vs Guilt

Child develops initiative when trying new activities and is not overwhelmed by guilt

Age Span for Industry vs Inferiority

6 years to puberty

Industry vs Inferiority

Child must learn the skills of the culture or face feelings of incompetence

Age Span for Identity vs Role Confusion

puberty to young adulthood

Identity vs Role Confusion

Adolescents must determine a sense of self or experience role confusion

Age span of Intimacy vs Isolation

Young adulthood

Intimacy vs Isolation

Person makes commitments to others or may suffer from isolation and self absorption

Age span for Generativity vs Stagnation

Middle adulthood

Generativity vs Stagnation

Mature adult contributes to the next generation or risks personal impoverishment

Age span for Integrity vs Despair

Late adulthood

Integrity vs Despair

Older adult achieves acceptance of death or else despairs over inability to relive life

Example of classical conditioning

Pavlov’s dog experiment with food, bell, and saliva

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

Learning that associates a behavior with its consequence such as rewards and punishments

Social learning theory (Bandura)

Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models

Reciprocal determinism

A person acts on the world as the world acts on the person

observational learning

An active process of learning social behavior through observing and imitating people

self-efficacy

A sense of one’s capability to overcome challenges and achieve goals

Piaget’s Cognitive Stage Theory

Assuming that cognitive development begins with inborn ability to adapt to environment in processes

Age span of Sensory Motor stage

birth to 2 years old

Sensory Motor stage

Infants learn about the environment through sensory and motor technique

Age Span of Preoperational stage

2 to 7 years old

Preoperational stage

Child develops a representational system and uses symbols to represent people, places, and events

Age span of Concrete Operational stage

7 to 11 years old

Concrete Operational stage

Child can solve problems logically if they are focused on the here and now but cannot think abstractly

Age span of Formal Operation stage

11 years to adulthood

Formal Operation stage

Person can think abstractly, deal w/ hypothetical situations, and think about possibilities

Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky)

Assumed that people can learn through social interaction

Zone of proximal development

difference between what a person can do independently and what they can do with assistance.

Scaffolding

support that a parent/teacher gives until the child/person can do independently

Bioecological Theory (Bronfenbrenner)

Five levels of environmental influence ranging from narrow to broad

Microsystem

Immediate physical and social environment in which a person interacts face to face with other people and influences and is affected by them.

Mesosystem

Interrelationships between two or more microsystems

Exosystem

Involves social settings that individuals do not experience directly but can still influence their development

Macrosystem

Larger cultural or societal context in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded.

Chronosystem

Capture the idea of people and their environments, and the relations between the two change over time and unfold in a particular pattern or sequence.

Example of microsystem

The first-born infant is primarily influenced by the family

Example of Mesosystem

Teenagers experience stressful events such as arguments and can show increased problems of poor attendance and learning difficulties in school.

Example of Exosystem

Children can be affected by their parents’ experiences of stress at work

Example of Macrosystem

Modern nations typically offer paid parental leave, whereas the US is among only 3 countries worldwide out of 185 that do not.

Example of Chronosystem

Changes during a person’s life and historical changes that may span generations.

Behaviorism

Mechanistic learning theory emphasizes associative learning in which a mental connection is formed between two events.