Chemical Bonds and Molecular Structures

These flashcards cover key concepts related to chemical bonds, bond angles, and molecular structures from the lecture notes.

Covalent Bonding

A type of chemical bond where atoms share pairs of electrons.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong attraction that occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to fluorine, nitrogen, or oxygen and another electronegative atom.

Bond Angles

The angle between two bonds that share a common atom, important in determining the shape of a molecule.

Linear Structure

A molecular geometry with bond angles of 180°.

Trigonal Planar

A molecular geometry with bond angles of 120°.

Tetrahedral Structure

A molecular geometry with bond angles of 109.5°.

Polar Molecule

A molecule that has a net dipole moment due to its having unsymmetrical polar bonds.

Intermolecular Forces

The forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles (atoms, molecules, or ions).

Lone Pair Electrons

Electrons in an atom that are not involved in bonding and are found in pairs.

Bonding Requirements of Carbon

Carbon typically wants to form 4 bonds.

LD

Weakest- motion of electrons

DD

Middle- Partial charges of molecules are attached

HB

Strongest- Occur between hydrogen bonding with fluorine, nitrogen or oxygen

AX2

Linear and bent

Ax3

Trig planar and pyramidal

Ax4

Tetrahedral

Stronger forces…

The higher the boiling point

H2O bends bc…

Lone pairs pushing it down

Polar+non polar=

Balance of charges

H

Hydrogen + halogens

Want to make 1 bond

Hydrogen has no electrons after bond

Halogen has six electrons after bond

O

Oxygen + sulfur

Want to make two bonds

Four electrons left over after bond

N

Nitrogen + phosphorus

Want to Make three bondS

(Bond to itself, Doubles and single, Three singles)

C

Carbon + Silicon

Want to make four bonds

Never will have electrons of their own

(For singles or double and singles)

Boron is ok with

6 valance electrons

All bonds are

Negative

Shapes become bent because

Negatives are repelling each each other and pushing down