Unit 3 - Four Presidents

History (Everett)

First 4 presidents in order + how many terms each

1. George Washington (2)

2. John Adams (1)

3. Thomas Jefferson (2)

4. James Madison (2)

Where was Washington sworn in as Pres

NYC (Capitol city)

Building judicial branch (who’s presidency?)

(W) First tasks, building federal court system

• Supreme court have a chief of justice & 5 associate judges

• Section 25 - Allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court

Building executive branch (who’s presidency?)

(W)

• Secretary of State (Jefferson)

• Secretary of War (Henry Knox)

• Secretary of the Treasury (Hamilton)

Major domestic issues under Washington

• Assumption of state debt 

• National Bank Debate

• Political parties

• Whiskey Rebellion

Assumption of state debt (who’s presidency?) (pros and cons)

(W)

• States were in alot of debt

• Hamilton wanted fed gov to take over the debt. 

- Cons - increase gov’s debt & Southern states already paid and worried taxes would go up to pay Northern debts.

- Pros - W make creditors support fed gov

National Bank Pros and Cons (who’s presidency?)

W

• Hamilton wanted National bank

- issue paper money

- handle tax receipts

- handled other gov funds

• Jefferson opposed

- Create unhealthy alliance between rich + Fed Gov

- Nothing in constitution that allows for it

IT PASSED

What ways did Hamilton convince southerners to accept National Bank (who’s presidency?)

Proposed moving the capitol from NYC to the South (Washington D.C.)

Democratic - Republicans

Favored stronger state gov and strict construction of constituiton

Federalists

Favored strong central gov and loose construction of constitution

What question did political parties form over

Power + Size of the federal government

Washington thoughts on Political Parties

He hated them and believed they’d tear the country apart

Whiskey Rebellion (who’s presidency?)

W

• Congress passed protective tariff

• Hamilton wanted an excise tax on whiskey

• Farmers in Western PA refused to pay, beat up federal marshals + threatened to leave the country (Secede)

• Washington responded by sending in 15,000 Militiamen

• Significance - Consolidation of federal power in domestic affairs

Washingtons foreign policy issues

• France

• Great Britain

• Native Americans

• Spain

Washington’s foreign policy Issue (France)

• Most Americans first supported the French Revolution but got scared when Radicals took over

• US & France had alliance created by the Treaty of 1778 (during Revolutionary War). F expected help

• DR: wanted to support French

• Federalists: wanted to support British

• Citizen Genet: tried to recruit Americans for the war against Great Britain (which violated American neutrality

Washington’s foreign policy response (France)

• -Washington issued a declaration of neutrality (the US would not support either side) in 1793

  -Genet was allowed to stay and became a US citizen

Washington’s foreign policy Issue (Native Americans)

• Pioneers were moving into the newly won territory

• NA never accepted the terms of the Treaty of Paris

• Native Americans continued to claim their tribal lands and demanded negotiation with US

• Native Americans attacked white settlers

• Fights with the Miami tribe in which NA won

Washington’s foreign policy response (Native Americans) What treaty was signed at the end?

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

• Washington sent General Anthony Wayne to lead federal troops against NA

• Defeated Miami Confederacy (Alliance of fighting NA tribes)

• Ended Native American resistance in Ohio

• Treaty of Greenville - NA Agree to give up most land claims in OH for goods + annual payment of $10k

Washington’s foreign policy Issue (Great Britain)

• British and Americans disputed who would control territory west of the Appalachian Mts

• British were still in forts in the Northwest Territory (after Battle of Fallen Timbers Americans built a fort nearby too)

Washington’s foreign policy response (Great Britain)

Jays Treaty (1794)

• Due to victory at Fallen Timbers, British agreed to evacuate their posts in the Northwest Territory

• British were allowed to continue their fur trade on the American side of the US-Canadian border

Washington’s foreign policy Issue (Spain)

• Americans wanted land claims west of the Appalachians and shipping rights on the Mississippi river

• Spain agreed to meet with US minister Thomas Pinckney when it feared British retaliation for it signing a treaty with France

Washington’s foreign policy response (Spain)

Pinckney’s Treaty (Treaty of San Lorenzo - 1795)

• Spain gave up claims east of the Mississippi river (except Florida)

• Recognized 31st parallel as US border

• Opened MS river to US citizens and gave access to the port of New Orleans

Election of 1796

• John Adams (F) vs T. Jefferson (DR)

• First partisan election (Based on political parties)

Why was the electoral college flawed

• Each elector cast 2 votes foor pres

• Candidate with most votes becomes pres; candidate with 2nd most becomes pres

• John Adams becomes pres 

• Jefferson becomes vice pres

• 12 amendment fixes this

Concerns for Adams presidency

• Has to fill Washington’s shoes

• Hated by Hamilton

• Inherited violent quarrel with France

Jay’s treaty (1794) (Who’s presidency?)

W

• Treaty between U.S and GB; increased trade between the countries; British agreed to abandon their forts and Americans agreed to pay off their debt

- Angers France; start seizing US ships

Adams goal with France

Avoid war

XYZ Affair (Who’s presidency?)

J.A. 

• Adams sent envoys to France to meet with foreign minister (Talleyrand)

• Envoys were approached by 3 “go betweens” (X,Y,Z)

• (x,y,z) Demanded a loan + bribe to meet with foreign minister

• Results in Anti - French fever across US

- Feds delighted (Strengthened feds because DR supported French)

- Undeclared Naval Quasi-War breaks out (US + F)

• Congress creates department of the Navy

Alien & Sedation Acts (1798) (Who’s presidency?)

J.A.

• Goal; Minimize voice of DR

• Made citizenship harder —> From 5 yrs to 14 yr

• Can deport immigrants (not citizens) in times of hostilities

• Ppl who spoke out against gov could be in Jail up to 5 yrs 5k fine

Alien & Sedation Acts Response (Who’s presidency?)

J.A.

• Kentucky + Virginia Resolutions (Jefferson and Madison’s response)

- Says that the 13 states entered a compact to form the fed gov

- States should be the judge of wether the federal gov has surpassed its powers

- Nullified Alien & Sedation Acts

Election of 1800

AKA revolution of 1800

• Jefferson wins (Jefferson + Burr tie)

• Significant cuz first peaceful, democratic transfer of power from one political party to another

• Feds in decline

12th amendment 

Required electors to vote for presidential and vice presidential candidates on separate ballots

Midnight Judges

Judiciary act of 1801; Reorganized federal court system

• Adams last night in office, appointed 16 federal judges to pack the courts

• Called midnight judges

• Packed with federalist leaning judges (Adams wanted to control future federal judicial decisions)

• Resulted in one of most important Supreme Court Cases

- Marbury vs. Madison - set up concept of judicial review

Peace with France after Adams

Convention of 1800: Annulled the 22 yr alliance between US and F

• Ends Quasi-War

• Allows US to re-firm Neutrality

2 changes under Jefferson

• Reduce the size of the army, naxy, and lowered the budget overall

• Eliminated taxes, reduced the influence of the national bank, and promoted free trade (Disliked tariffs)

Louisiana Purchase (Who’s Presidency?)

T.J

• Initially sent Monroe & Livingstone to Paris to buy New Orleans & Western FL

• Instead Purchased all of Louisiana Territory for $15 Mil

• Size of the US more than doubled

Lewis & Clark Expedition goals (Who’s Presidency?)

T.J.

• Explore Missouri river

• Find pacific

• Gather evidence of life

• Establish relations w/ NA

• Map/Survey the land

• Find NW passage

Why was the NW passage so important to the American vision of westward expansion and commerce (Who’s Presidency?)

T.J

• Connect Missouri to pacific

• Give control of the continent to whoever claimed it

• Easy Access to trade w/ Asia

Sacagawea

• Contributed to Corps of Discovery

• 16 yrs old

• Kidnapped + Married to French trapper

• Sister of Chief of Shoshani

• Was translator for Lewis + Clark

Corps of Discovery (Who’s Presidency?)

T.J.

• Collected scientific information about flora and fauna; learned about Native American tribes and establish friendly relations

Barbary “War” 1801-1805 (Who’s Presidency?)

T.J.

• US not longer wanted to pay tribute to North African in order to be protected by pirates.

• This conflict kept Jefferson from completely reducing the Navy

• Conclusion - Pay no more tribute to Tripoli (Capitol of Libya)

What did the Napoleonic wars do the US trade (Who’s Presidency?)

T.J.

Blockaded it

Impressent (Who’s Presidency?)

T.J.

British seizing US ships and kidnapping US soldier to draft them into the British navy

Chesapeake incident (Who’s Presidency?)

TJ

• US navy refused to allow the British to board US ships

• British opened fire and killed 3 Americans

• J wanted to keep peace

Embargo Act (1807) (Who’s Presidency?) - In response to what?

TJ

• Jefferson banned exporting goods to other countries;

• Ended up hurting US economy so it was updated to only ban from F and G (Non - Intercourse Act)

• In response to Chesapeake incident

Jefferson order of major events during 2 term presidency

1. Louisiana Purchase

2. Lewis and Clark

3. Barbary “War”

4. Blockade

5. Chesapeake incident

6. Embargo act

Election of 1807

James Madison (DR) vs. Charles Pinckney (F)

Madison win

Jefferson’s motivations for Louisiana purchase (Notes on the State of Virginia (1783), Query XIX “manufactures” By Thomas Jefferson)

• Take advantage of the land so it can be used by farmers to support the country and increase farming.

• Wants US to not manufacture goods but to import from Europe instead (Last resort to manufacture)

Why is the possession of New Orleans and important matter to the US (Letter from President TJ to Robert Livingston, April 18,1802)

• Port city - will attract many ppl and trade

• Fertile lands

Jefferson suggests they must ally themselves with _____ for the strength of a navy. (Letter from President TJ to Robert Livingston, April 18,1802)

Great Britain

How many states were eventually created from the Louisiana Territory

15

Adams-Onis Treaty

Spain ceded FL to the US + gave up it’s claims to the Oregon Territory

What party was Hamilton apart of

Federalist

Who was the War of 1812 under

James Madison

Key players in War of 1812

• President Jefferson 

• President Madison

• War Hawks

• Henry Clay (speaker of the House)

• Andrew Jackson 

War Hawks (War of 1812) 

• Politicians who supported War of 1812

• Called for war against GB 

• Led by Henry Clay (Congressman) and John C. Calhoun) (Senator)

• Wanted Canada

Andrew Jackson

• General from Tenessee

• Became national hero in Battle of New Orleans

• Famous for crushing NA military power in the South

War of 1812 Causes

• Violations of neutral maritime rights

• Each side (GB&F) tried to prevent US from supplying the other 

• GB&F seized American ships

• GB&F restricted American trade

• British used “impressment”

• Chesapeake-Leopard incident

• Americans convinced that GB was trying to restore the colonial relationship

• Suspected GB support for NA

• War hawks in Congress

James Madison

• DR pres from virginia

• Asked for declaration of war against Britishf

War of 1812 effects

• Questioning of New England’s loyalty (because of Hartford Convention)

• Downfall of the Federalist Party

• Andrew Jackson becomes war hero

• Determination in many Americans to strengthen the nation

• Ended idea that a militia was the only way to defend republican liberty

• Age of expansion and limitless optimism

• Patriotic enthusiasm

• “Era of Good Feelings”

Francis Scott Key

Wrote poem (Later become national anthem) during war of 1812 bombing

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (Madison)

Prohibited British or French warships from entering American harbors or territorial waters.

Tecumseh (BEFORE War of 1812)

• NA Chief and warrior - promoted resistance to the expansion of the United States onto Native American lands.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

• US (led by William Henry Harrison) forces VS Native American warriors (Led by Tenskwataw - Tecumseh brother) In Indiana

• US victory (weakened confed)

• Goal: Crush native confed

Battle of Thames (1813) Who allied with NA

• Canada

• Led by William H Harrison

• US against British + Tecumseh’s Native allies

• Huge US victory - Tecumseh killed, breaking Native Alliance

Hartford Convention (1814)

• NE feds get together to oppose War of 1812 - wrecking trade + hurting economy

• Talked about breaking away from US

• Happened before news of victory in New Orleons

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• Ended war of 1812

• Stated to go back to way the world was before the war

• Peace restored

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

• GB wanted New Orleans

• US led by Andrew Jackson gathered soldiers to defend british attack

• US won

• War of 1812 had already ended but news traveled slow

Burning of the White House (1814) 

• British invaded DC-Retailiating because U.S troops burned parts of York Town (Toronto).

• During war of 1812

• Madison’s wife Dolley saved portrait of George Washington

Washington Dr or F

Neither

John Adams DR or F

F

Thomas Jefferson Dr or F

DR

James Madison Dr or F

DR (used to be fed)