Untitled Flashcards Set

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

Lincoln’s proposal for Reconstruction allowing a southern state to rejoin the Union if 10% of its voters swore allegiance.

Wade-Davis Bill

Radical Republican plan requiring a majority of white males in Southern states to take an oath of loyalty.

Johnson’s Plan

Andrew Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction approach allowing Southern states to rejoin the Union after ratifying the 13th Amendment.

Radical Republicans’ Plan

Congressional Reconstruction aimed at enforcing civil rights for freedmen and military occupation of Southern states.

KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

White supremacist group using violence to resist Reconstruction and prevent Black Americans from voting.

Poll taxes/literacy tests/grandfather clauses

Tools used by Southern states to disenfranchise Black voters.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to anyone born in the U.S.

15th Amendment

Prohibited denial of voting rights based on race or previous condition of servitude.

Johnson’s Impeachment Trial

Johnson was impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act but avoided removal after a Senate trial.

Grant’s Presidency

Ulysses S. Grant’s presidency focusing on Reconstruction, plagued by corruption scandals.

Compromise of 1877

Ended the disputed 1876 presidential election, withdrawing federal troops from the South.

Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address

Lincoln’s speech advocating for reconciliation and healing between the North and South.

Lincoln’s Assassination

Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws enforcing racial segregation and disenfranchising Black Americans.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case upholding racial segregation under 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Federal agency helping formerly enslaved people with food, housing, and education during Reconstruction.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

First federal law defining citizenship and equal protection under the law.

Johnson’s Vetoes

Vetoed key Reconstruction laws, including the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Exodusters

African Americans migrating to western states to escape racial discrimination.

Progressivism

Movement seeking social justice and government regulation of industries.

Muckrakers

Journalists exposing corruption and social injustices.

Susan B. Anthony

Leading suffragist who co-founded the National Women’s Suffrage Association.

Teddy Roosevelt

26th U.S. president known for trust-busting and conservation efforts.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 law mandating meat inspection to ensure sanitary conditions.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 law banning harmful ingredients in food and requiring truthful labeling.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who wrote The Jungle, exposing the meatpacking industry's horrors.

Inaugural Address

Speech by a president outlining policies and vision.

Ida B. Wells

Journalist and anti-lynching activist documenting the lynching of African Americans.

Homestead Act of 1862

Law providing free land to settlers in the West.

Assimilation

Process of adopting mainstream customs and values.

Bimetallism

Monetary policy advocating for both gold and silver to back U.S. currency.

Laissez-faire Capitalism

Economic system with minimal government intervention.

Social Darwinism

Belief that the strongest individuals or businesses naturally succeed.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Law preventing monopolies and promoting competition.

Melting Pot

Metaphor for the assimilation of immigrants into American society.

Nativism

Belief in the superiority of native-born Americans over immigrants.

Urbanization

Rapid growth of cities due to industrialization.

Cross of Gold Speech

William Jennings Bryan’s speech advocating for bimetallism.

Dawes Act

1887 law to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands.

Monopoly

Market structure where one company dominates an industry.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil, a major monopoly.

New Immigration

Wave of immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law prohibiting Chinese workers from immigrating to the U.S.

Helen Hunt Jackson

Author of A Century of Dishonor, exposing the mistreatment of Native Americans.

Political Machine

Political organization controlling local government through patronage and corruption.

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890 massacre marking the end of armed Native American resistance.

Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall

Corrupt political machine in New York City.

Transcontinental Railroad

First railroad connecting the east and west coasts, facilitating trade and settlement.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist who expanded the U.S. steel industry.

Robber Barons

Term describing exploitative wealthy 19th-century businessmen.

Ellis Island

Primary immigration station for European immigrants from 1892 to 1954.

Civil Service Reform

Movement to eliminate government hiring corruption.

Plight of Farmers

Difficult conditions faced by farmers in the late 19th century.

Garfield’s Assassination

President James A. Garfield was assassinated, leading to civil service reform.

Booker T. Washington

Leader advocating vocational education for Black Americans.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Co-founder of the NAACP advocating for civil rights.

Ghost Dance

Religious movement among Native Americans aimed at restoring lands and cultures.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Agency managing relations with Native American tribes.

Reservations

Land designated for Native American tribes.

Angel Island

Immigration station processing Asian immigrants, primarily from China.

Wounded Knee

Site of a massacre marking the end of Indian resistance.

Slave Codes—Black Codes—Jim Crow Laws

Legal systems controlling African Americans' lives.

Jacob Riis

Muckraker documenting poor living conditions in New York City.

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House providing services for immigrants and the poor.

Open Door Policy

Advocated for equal trading rights for all nations in China.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Teddy Roosevelt’s foreign policy emphasizing military power.

16th Amendment

Authorized Congress to levy an income tax.

17th Amendment

Established direct election of senators by the people.

18th Amendment

Prohibited manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

Moral Diplomacy

Wilson’s policy emphasizing democratic ideals and moral governance.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft’s policy encouraging U.S. investments abroad.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. intervention in Latin America to maintain order.

U.S.-Filipino War

Conflict following U.S. acquisition of the Philippines.

Spanish-American War

Conflict leading to U.S. victory and territorial acquisitions.

Reasons for Imperialism

Motivations included economic interests and national superiority.

Reasons Against Imperialism

Beliefs in self-determination and opposition from figures like Mark Twain.

McKinley’s Assassination

Assassination of president leading to Theodore Roosevelt's rise.

New Manifest Destiny

Belief in U.S. expansion overseas through imperialism.

Treaty of Versailles and U.S. Response

1919 treaty ending WWI which the U.S. did not ratify.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Trigger for the start of World War I.

WWI—MAIN

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism—causes of WWI.

Spanish-American War Causes

Explosion of USS Maine and U.S. imperial ambitions.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized newspaper reporting contributing to war support.

USS Maine

U.S. battleship explosion leading to Spanish-American War.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Filipino independence movement against U.S. control.

Warren G. Harding

29th president remembered for scandals in his administration.

Isolationism

Policy of avoiding foreign conflicts.

Prohibition

Period banning alcohol and leading to organized crime.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement celebrating African American culture in the 1920s.

Hoover’s Response to Depression

Criticized for ineffective policies during the Great Depression.

FDR—“New Deal”

Roosevelt's plan to address the Great Depression with various programs.

Dust Bowl

Severe drought in the 1930s causing displacement of farmers.

Social Security

1935 program providing financial assistance to the elderly and unemployed.

Supreme Court’s Rejection of Programs

Court struck down several New Deal programs.

Critics of FDR

Critics argued the New Deal didn’t do enough or intervened too much.

WWII—Appeasement

Policy of conceding to Hitler's demands to avoid conflict.

Nuremberg Trials

Military tribunals prosecuting Nazi war criminals post-WWII.

Korematsu v. U.S.

Supreme Court case upholding Japanese internment during WWII.