pulse echo system- week 7

a ____ ___ ___ or US unit takes the following information known about reflections, and turns it into a visual display

pulse echo instrument

a pulse echo instrument or ___ __ takes the following information known about reflections, and turns it into a visual display

US unit

a pulse echo instrument or US unit takes the following information known about reflections, and turns it into a ___ ___

visual display

pulse echo instruments detect 3 things

•___ ___ ___ ____

•direction of the reflection

•arrival time of the reflection

strength of the reflection

pulse echo instruments detect 3 things

•strength of the reflection

•____ ___ ___ ___

•arrival time of the reflection

direction of the reflection

pulse echo instruments detect 3 things

•strength of the reflection

•direction of the reflection

•____ ____ __ __ ___

arrival time of the reflection

components of a pulse echo system include

•___ ___

•signal processor

•image processor

•display

beam former

•components of a pulse echo system include

•beam former

•___ ___

•image processor

•display

signal processor

•components of a pulse echo system include

•beam former

•signal processor

•___ ___

•display

image processor

•components of a pulse echo system include

•beam former

•signal processor

•image processor

•____

display

PULSER: produces ___ ___ ___ that drive the transducer and tell the receiver & memory when the pulses are produced

electric voltage pulses

PULSER: produces electric voltage pulses that drive the ______ and tell the receiver & memory when the pulses are produced

transducer

PULSER: produces electric voltage pulses that drive the transducer and tell the ____ ______ when the pulses are produced

receiver & memory

PULSER determines

•PRF, PRP and the pulse amplitude

•voltage pulses produced by the pulser =

US pulses from the transducer

•the greater the voltage amplitude, the _____ the amplitude and intensity of the US pulse

greater

•the greater the voltage amplitude, the greater the ___ ___ ___ of the US pulse

amplitude and intensity

for array transducers, the pulser and the beam former control the following

•sequencing

•phasing

•steering

•transmit focusing

•dynamic aperture

•apodization

TRANSDUCER converts ___ ___ from the pulser into US pulses

voltage pulses

TRANSDUCER converts voltage pulses from the ____ into US pulses

pulser

TRANSDUCER converts voltage pulses from the pulser into __ __

US pulses

TRANSDUCER receives ___ ___ ___ and converts echo information back into voltage pulse information

reflection or echoes

TRANSDUCER receives reflection or echoes and converts echo information back into ___ ___ ___

voltage pulse information

____ receives reflection or echoes and converts echo information back into voltage pulse information

TRANSDUCER

receiver processes ___ ____ coming from the transducer for the memory and display

voltage information

receiver processes voltage information coming from the transducer for the ___ ___ ___

memory and display

____ processes voltage information coming from the transducer for the memory and display

receiver

receiver has 5 functions

•amplification

•compensation

•compression

•demodulation

•rejection

SIGNAL PROCESSOR aka

RECEIVER

___ is a conversion of small voltages into larger ones for further processing & storage

AMPLIFICATION

AMPLIFICATION conversion of ___ ___ into larger ones for further processing & storage

small voltages

AMPLIFICATION conversion of small voltages into larger ones for further ___ ___

processing & storage

AMPLIFICATION making the signals ____ from the transducer larger

returning

AMPLIFICATION making the signals returning from the transducer ___

larger

AMPLIFICATION is ___ adjustable - overall gain

operator

AMPLIFICATION is operator adjustable - ___ ___

overall gain

___ equalizes the differences in returning echo information due to depth and attenuation

COMPENSATION

COMPENSATION equalizes the differences in __ __ __ due to depth and attenuation

returning echo information

COMPENSATION equalizes the differences in returning echo information due to __ __ __

depth and attenuation

COMPENSATION is ___ adjustable - TGC

operator

COMPENSATION is operator adjustable - ___

TGC

____ is the process of decreasing the differences between the smallest and largest amplitudes

COMPRESSION

COMPRESSION is the process of ____ the differences between the smallest and largest amplitudes

decreasing

COMPRESSION is the process of decreasing the differences between the ____ ____ ____ ____

smallest and largest amplitudes

COMPRESSION Dynamic Range

•ratio in dB of ___ ___ to smallest power that the system can handle

largest power

COMPRESSION Dynamic Range

•ratio in dB of largest power to ____ ___ that the system can handle

smallest power

_____ Dynamic Range

•ratio in dB of largest power to smallest power that the system can handle

COMPRESSION

COMPRESSION is ____ adjustable - compression, log compression or dynamic range control

operator

COMPRESSION is operator adjustable -

compression, log compression or dynamic range control

_____ is operator adjustable - compression, log compression or dynamic range control

COMPRESSION

____ enhances the differences between weaker signals within the dynamic range

compression

compression enhances the differences between ___ ___ within the dynamic range

weaker signals

compression enhances the differences between weaker signals within the ___ ___

dynamic range

**changing the _____ to a lower decibel setting reduces dynamic range and removes weak echoes and noise

compression

**changing the compression to a lower decibel setting reduces dynamic range and removes __ __ __ __

weak echoes and noise

**changing the compression to a lower decibel setting reduces ___ ___ and removes weak echoes and noise

dynamic range

____ is the process of converting the voltages to another form for easier processing

DEMODULATION

DEMODULATION is the process of converting the ____ to another form for easier processing

voltages

DEMODULATION is the process of converting the voltages to another form for __ __

easier processing

DEMODULATION is done by _____ and smoothing

rectification

DEMODULATION is done by rectification and ____

smoothing

_____ is done by rectification and smoothing

DEMODULATION

DEMODULATION is not ___ ___

operator adjustable

_____ is not operator adjustable

DEMODULATION

____ eliminates the smaller amplitude voltage pulses produced by weak reflectors or electronic noise

REJECTION

REJECTION eliminates the ___ ___ voltage pulses produced by weak reflectors or electronic noise

smaller amplitude

REJECTION eliminates the smaller amplitude voltage pulses produced by ___ ___ ___ __ __

weak reflectors or electronic noise

____ is sometimes operator adjustable - suppression, rejection or threshold control

REJECTION

REJECTION is sometimes ___ ___ - suppression, rejection or threshold control

operator adjustable

REJECTION is sometimes operator adjustable -

suppression, rejection or threshold control

ADC

•analog to digital converter

ADC

•analog to ___ ___

digital converter

____

•analog to digital converter

ADC

___ ___ ___ converts the digitized, filtered, detected & compressed scan line data into images

IMAGE PROCESSOR (MEMORY)

IMAGE PROCESSOR (MEMORY) converts the ____, ____, detected & compressed scan line data into images

digitized, filtered,

IMAGE PROCESSOR (MEMORY) converts the digitized, filtered, detected & compressed ___ ___ ___ into images

scan line data into images

__ __ __ is processed before and after storage in the image memory

IMAGE PROCESSOR (MEMORY)

IMAGE PROCESSOR (MEMORY) is processed __ ___ ___ storage in the image memory

before and after

IMAGE PROCESSOR (MEMORY) is processed before and after storage in the ___ ___

image memory

___ ___ formats echo data into image form for processing, storage and display

SCAN CONVERTER

SCAN CONVERTER formats echo data into image form for ___ ___ ___

processing, storage and display

___ ____ properly locates each series of echoes corresponding to scan lines to build a frame

SCAN CONVERTER

SCAN CONVERTER properly locates ___ ___ ___ ___corresponding to scan lines to build a frame

each series of echoes

SCAN CONVERTER properly locates each series of echoes corresponding to ___ ___ to build a frame

scan lines

___ ___ is a rapid repetitive process to produce a sequence of frames stored in the memory and presented on the display

SCAN CONVERTER

SCAN CONVERTER is a rapid repetitive process to produce a ___ ___ ___ stored in the memory and presented on the display

sequence of frames

SCAN CONVERTER is a ___ ___ ___ to produce a sequence of frames stored in the memory and presented on the display

rapid repetitive process

___ functions performed on the image data before it is stored in the memory

PREPROCESSING

PREPROCESSING includes:

•pixel interpolation

•persistence

•panoramic imaging

•spatial compounding

•3D acquisition

PREPROCESSING ____ performed on the image data before it is stored in the memory

functions

______ includes:

•pixel interpolation

•persistence

•panoramic imaging

•spatial compounding

•3D acquisition

PREPROCESSING

____ ____ assigns a brightness value to missing pixels based on average brightness of adjacent pixels

PIXEL INTERPOLATION

PIXEL INTERPOLATION assigns a ___ ___ to missing pixels based on average brightness of adjacent pixels

brightness value

PIXEL INTERPOLATION assigns a brightness value to missing pixels based on average brightness of ___ ___

adjacent pixels

PERSISTENCE _______ several frames together

averages

PERSISTENCE reduces ____

speckle

PERSISTANCE

•averages several frames together

•reduces speckle

___ ___ is an image with a wider field of view than an individual frame from the transducer

PANORAMIC IMAGING

PANORAMIC IMAGING is an image with a ___ ___ ___ ___ than an individual frame from the transducer

wider field of view

PANORAMIC IMAGING is an image with a wider field of view than an ___ ___ from the transducer

individual frame