PSYC1030 quiz 4 (all)

how can you lie better

If you can convince yourself and lie to yourself first then ur not lying when u tell other ppl so its harder to tell. No emitting cues of deception

why do ados make such risky decisions

bc the nucleus accumbens develops first and this structure motivates us to get stuff which is desirable

prefrontal cortex helps with long term planning and risk assessment and is developed last

VERY unideal combo

what is a crisis (successsful)

having bad thing happen, thinking abt issues which arise, evaluation childhood patterns, and deciding whether you want to continue patterns, relationships, or not. Crisis involves thinking through issues and attempting to change self

microexpression

last 25th of a second

very common

what did a study on australian adolescents’ body dissatisfaction study find

70% of girls thought ideal is thinner and 35% of boys thought ideal is thinner

20% girls thought ideal is their own body, 31% boys thought ideal is own body

10% girls thought ideal is fatter and 35% boys thought ideal is fatter

what is the relationship between perceived and actual age in old people

The older one is, the larger the gap is between the age they feel nd the age they are

 

The higher our perceived age is, the more worse off we probs are

why do older people have stronger social supports

because they actively prune to ensure the quality instead of quantity.

early in life people have broad social networks, middle life it gets more specific to your job/family etc.

what do older people look for in romantic relationships

companionship but not necessarily cohabitation or marriage

why are countries experiencing an ageing population

Lots of illnesses are age-related so as we develop tech and med breakthroughs we can fix a bunch of these

centenarians in australia 2016 vs predicted in 2050

2016: 5000

2050: 40 000

what is a centenarian

over 100 yrs old

why is the demographuc profile globally changing?

• medical breakthroughs

• improvements in public health

• better nutrition

• understanding diseases better

• preventative mechanisms

• protective factors are better

what did Erickson and Schultz find

in counselling experiment white people would eye contact when listening and less while speaking while black people would have more eye contact while speaking and less when listening.

Could lead to miscommunication.

how often do white ppl maintain eye contact

2/3rds of time

evolutionary theory of facial expression

Darwin 1872. brains hardwired to work with nonverbal communication. most supported theory bc babies do all emotions by 6mos and dont rlly struggle. deaf and blind children also demonstrate facial expressions

what did Riggio found

in social context we focus more on nonverbals

what are theories about low self esteem

• ppl with low self esteem WANT the same things as ppl with high self esteem, the only difference is that they don’t expect it as much. more focused on avoiding disaster

• ppl w low self esteem just don’t know themselves (Campbell). low SE is ABSENCE of view that ‘I am great’

• low SE people are just more unsure

what can self esteem be a personal measure for

whether other ppl will like you. Internal measure of whether we will be socially accepted

 

Self esteem helps u keep track of what u think other ppl will think of u

 

We benefit if we can persuade others to do what u want them to do. If u convince yourself first, then its way easier to convince others

Four types of stress

-Frustration
-Conflict
-Change
-Pressure

margin of illusion

means you won’t think you’re drastically better than you are. only to a certain extent

what makes humans different to animals

Humans make choices and incorporate abstract principles e.g. morals. Actively self-serving (in advanced ways). Can make self sacrifice, logical reasoning and can mediate between past self and vision of future self.

most prominent model of care (dementia)

kitwoods person centred care model

• Involves having focus of care on person (not just physical health)

  • If person is agitated and needs a bandage change, carer will wait till person is more calm. i.e. treated w respect

• Incls every interaction w person w dementia e.g. how meals are served, interactions between professionsal and carers w person.

• Made to feel like they matter, feel safe, heard etc

signs of normal ageing

• forgetting names or appts but remembering later

• trouble finding the right words sometimes

• occasional irritation at disruptions to routines

• needing help with new tasks

signs of dementia

• memory loss that disrupts daily life

• aphasia: NEW problems with words

• changes in moods or personality

• difficulty completing familiar tasks

when does early onset dementia happen

in 30s and 40s

most common form of dementia

alzheimers

what is the most effective treatment for old ppl

combo of psychotherapy and meds (for high depression)

interdisciplinary treatment effective for complex mental illnesses and dementia

old ppl prefer psychotherapy over medication

what did Helmes and Gee find

older ppl diagnosed with depression have a worse prognosis because they are less able to develop theraptic relationship

psychologists are less willing to take on old people as clients

older adults more likely to be misdiagnosed with dementia when they are suffering mood disorders bc memory loss is a symptom of mood disorders and anxiety in old people

prevalence of different mental disorders in old people

dementia 6%

anxiety disorders 4-5%

mood disorders <2%

substance abuse 1%

cohort effects

when people who have been born in a certain period of time and gone through a

certain set of experiences will tend to share a relatively similar outlook.

what is heterogeneity

the idea that there is no ‘typical’ old person

Bc old ppl have had a ton of experiences which have shaped them throughout life, older adult pops have greater standard deviation

increased heterogeneity with increased age

when does the immune system start to decline

in 20s

what is secondary ageing

decline caused by disease/trauma e.g. macular degeneration (eye), osteoporosis

wont happen to everyone and risks can be lowered

what is primary ageing

decline caused by passage of time. e.g. visual acuity declines, bone density and muscle mass decline

will happen to everyone

physical consequences of stress

link between anger and hostile responses to stressors and heart disease

Moller and colleagues found angry responses triggered heart attacks in ppl who were susceptible

 

Depression--> higher chance of heart disease

Depression--> dysfunctioning of autonomic nervous system. Affect HR responses to external stressors, suppress immune system

 

Stress--> lower immune function

 

Kiecolt-Glaser et al- first year med kids had lower activity of natural disease killer cells during exam time than before exam.

what is a positive effect of stress

ppl who could navigate through traumatic period and deal w stress developed new set of skills. Subsequent stressors were dealt w better

disorders triggered by chronic stress

depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and eating disorders.

maladaptive ways of coping with stress

Giving up and blaming oneself

Striking out at others

Indulging oneself

Defensive coping (may be useful ONLY short term)

constructive coping

only truly adaptive form of dealing w stress

refers to the relatively healthful efforts that people make to dealwith stressful events. Gives u best chance of overcoming stressor

task oriented, eat healthy, sufficient sleep, realistic appraisal, inhibit emotions

behavioural responses to stress

active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress.

Can be adaptive or maladaptive

stage of exhaustion (GAS)

When they can no longer cope with physiological changes

Disease and collapse

what happens in the stage of resistance

Releases large amts of stress hormones over long period of time. Body attempting to resist/cope to stressor

Consistently elevated BP, HR and high muscle tension

what could be a reason for strong negative emo responses

act as alarm signal to warn us abt danger

Telling us we need to do sth abt whatever in the enviro is stressing us

what is general adaptation syndrome

developed in 1950s by Hans Selye

model for how organisms respond to long term stress

what did Selyes GAS find

that response to stress is nonspecific

and the same response regardless of type of stressor

what is conflict stress

2 or more incompatible motivations compete for expression

e.g. work and life

not all types of conflict stress are equally stressful

frustration

having a goal and your pursuit towards it is disturbed so you either can’t achieve the goal, or your progress is impeded. related to loss and failure

what is stress

any circumstances that either threaten the individual’s well-being, or that the individual perceives as threatening their well-being.

Types of conflict

-The approach-approach
-The avoidance-avoidance
-The approach-avoidance

The approach-approach conflict

Choose between two positive competing alternatives. choosing one will mean losing the positive aspects of the other choice

The avoidance-avoidance conflict

Choose between two really unattractive possibilities. no matter which one you choose there will be negative consequences

The approach-avoidance conflict

NOT about a choice between two different behaviours. rather
A choice about ONE goal or behaviour that has positive AND negative aspects to it.

can produce vacilation (simultaneously deciding to pursue and not pursue the goal at the same time)

what is a consequence of change

readjustment which may cause stress

Social Readjustment Rating Scale: First 10 items

1) Marriage
2) Troubles with boss
3) Detention in jail or other institution
4) Death of spouse
5) Major change in sleeping habits
6) Death of a close family member
7) Major change in eating habits
8) Foreclosure on a mortgage or loan
9) Revision of personal habits
10) Death of a close friend

how many items in the social readjustment rating scale

42

Paradoxical problem of strong emotional responses from stress

Can interfere with

-Attention
-Memory
-Judgment
-Decision-making

making it hard to respond appropriately

Physiological response to stress

-Fight or flight: Autonomic Nervous System makes u feel energised and prepares you to run away or fight
-Tachycardia
-Hypertension (higher BP)
-Increased respirations
-Reduced digestion

General Adaptation Syndrome's 3 stages

-Alarm response
-Resistance stage
-Exhaustion stage

Alarm response (first stage)

-Initial physiological reaction.
-Cortisol and adrenaline release

What is "choking under pressure"

-Performance impairment
-Elevated self-awareness
-Elevated self-consciousness
-Interferes with attention on the task

PTSD symptoms

-Severe psychological effect
-Nightmares
-Flashbacks
-Reliving the traumatic event
-Loss of interest in important activities
-Hypervigilance
-Difficulty concentrating

Military stats on PTSD

-Iraq: 15.6% to 17.1%
-Afghanistan: 11.2% of those
-300,000 former military PTSD post war

Consequences of prolonged stress

-Sleep disturbances
-Sexual difficulties
-Poor academic/work performance and burnout
-Alcohol and drug abuse
-task impairment (due to elevated levels of self consciousness and reduced attention)
-PTSD

Benefits if strong social support and optimism

-Stronger immune system
-More likely to seek support
-Constructive coping
-Positive appraisals

Prevalence of mental disorders (older adults, general population, nursing homes)

-Older adults: 15-25%
-General population: 20%
-Nursing homes: 70-90% (6-7% of population)

Key risk factors for depression include:

-Disability
-Newly diagnosed medical illness
-Poor health status
-Poor self-perceived health
-Prior depression
-Bereavement

Protective factors for depression in elderly include

-Greater perceived social support
-Regular physical exercise
-Higher socioeconomic status

% of misdiagnosed dementia actually being depression

20%

Key risk factors for anxiety include

-Poor self-rated general health status
-Physical or sexual abuse in childhood
-Current smoker.

Protective factors of anxiety include

-Greater perceived social support
-Regular physical exercise
-Higher level of education.

Evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions for anxiety in older adults

-Cognitive behavioural therapy
-Relaxation training (letting go of invasive thoughts, deep breathing)
-Supportive therapy

What type of therapy is used for crisis

Supportive therapy

Psychotherapies for older adults with depression:

-Cognitive behavioural therapy
-Interpersonal psychotherapy (highly structured and time limited. focuses on solving interpersonal probs believed to underlie depression
-Problem-solving therapy (form of CBT aimed at increasing coping)
-Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy (increased client self-awareness. Understanding inflluence of past experiences. Time limited)

Stats: Bipolar and Schizophrenia in elderly females

-Females 2-3x more than males

Stats: Schizophrenia early onset compared to older onset

-75% early and mid life onset
-25% later life onset

What percentage of all dementias are attributed to Alzheimer's disease?

50-70%

Dementia definition

An acquired syndrome of intellectual impairment produced by brain dysfunction.

Dementia is characterized by changes in

-Thinking
-Personality
-Behaviour

can manifest as diff symptoms e.g. intellectual impairment, langauge affects, EF affects

Common age of onset dementia

65

World wide stats on dementia

27-36 million
2/3 in Developing world

Psychosocial interventions for people with dementia

-Activity based therapy
-Supportive therapy
-Environmental approaches

WHO Age friendly city's, Eight dimensions of the living environment are targeted:

-The built environment
-Transport
-Civic participation
-Communication
-Community support
-Social inclusion
-Social participation
-Housing
-Health services
-Employment
-Respect

Paul Ekman's six basic emotions

Happiness.
Surprise- high eyebrows, wide open eyes and mouth

.Sadness- in eyes and eyebrows. harder to spot
Fear- like surprise but less exaggerated
Disgust.- screwed up nose + face
anger- communicated through mouth and eyes. snarling mouth, death stare

kinda like the primary colours of emotions

each have distinct facial expressions

Baby's demonstrate fear and disgust what age

Immediately

Baby's demonstrate smile at what age

6-8 weeks

Theory's on deception

-Emotional
-Cognitive
-Self presentation perspective

Emotional theory perspective of lying (Ekman)

-Heightened arousal
-Physiological reactions
-Increased movements
-Increased speech disturbances

Cognitive theory perspective of lying (Burgoon)

-Deception cognitively complex
-Cognitive load increased
-Body language neglected
-Reduction in movement
-Increased speech disturbances
-Slower speech and pauses

Attempted control approach to lying (DePaulo)

-Attempts to control behaviour
-Rigid and inhibited
-Decreased movement
-Decreased speech

DePaulo's attempted control approach also called

Self presentation perspective

Best indicator of lying

Voice pitch

Non reliable indicators of lying

-Gaze (eg:looking to left)
-Smiling
-Shifting position

In relation to a liar's speech what gives it away

-Increase in speech disturbances
-Slower speech rate
-Move less

Primary appraisal

made up of threat appraisal or challenge appraisal

threat appraisal: Whether stressor is perceives as a threat (Negative)

Challenge appraisal: Whether stressor is perceived as challenge (positive)

Secondary appraisal

whether the person has the skills and resources to deal with a stressor e.g. are there people around to support them, do they have skills in their skillset

Positive appraisals likely when

Controllability of event
Predictability of event
familiar with event

Biological definition of Adolescence:

-Physical markers

-Starts: pre-pubertal height spurt (precedes puberty)
-Ends when reach full reproductive maturity (15-18 years)

Societal definition of Adolescence:

-Starts: Onset of puberty
-Ends: when adolescents assume adult responsibilities

How much height growth per year for males and females

-Females: 8.5cm/year for 2 years
-Male: 9cm/year for 2 years

Consequences in adulthood from EARLY puberty in males

-Domineering
-Responsible
-Self-control
-Rigid
-Conforming
-Advanced in their career
-Difficulty coping with stress
-Intimacy difficulties