Bio Chapter Test - Emily B

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110 Terms

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Characteristics of Life
Reproduction, Evolution, Response to Environment, Regulation, Order, Growth, Energy
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ionic bonds
transfer of electrons
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organic molecules
molecules that contain carbon
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Amino Group
nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms
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Carboxyl Group
carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group.
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Hydroxyl Group
oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom
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Phosphate Group
phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms
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Isomer
Same formula but different structures.
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Lipids
fats and oils
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Enzyme Proteins
Proteins that carry out reactions in the body
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Defensive Proteins
protection against disease
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Transport Proteins
allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane
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What do DNA and RNA have in common?
both contain phosphate groups
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Chloroplast
organelle found in plant cells that does photosynthesis
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central vacuole
helps with reproduction, growth, and development in plant cells
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Cell Wall
strong supporting layer around the cell membrane
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What does the Rough ER do?
Makes proteins
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What does the Smooth ER do?
Makes lipids
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Nucleus
Control center of the cell
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Mitochondria
Makes ATP
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Cell membrane
barrier around a cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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What do all cells have in common?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA
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Eukaryotic cells have
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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Are ribosomes organelles?
NO
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Phospholipid Bylayer
the heads are hydrophlic and the tails are hydrophobic and makes up the cell membrane
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Where does DNA turn into RNA
nucleus
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Where can translation happen?
cytosol and the nucleus
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Where are ribosomes made?
nucleus
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What happens to a cells volume when it increases in size?
as a cell increases in size, its volume grows proportionately more than its surface area
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Is it better for a cell to be big or small?
The bigger a cell is, the harder it is for nutrients to transport around the cell, therefore a smaller cell is more beneficial
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Secretory proteins
produced by the cell for release through the plasma membrane
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Vesicles
small membrane sacs that move products in and out of the cell
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Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
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Vacuoles
Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
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Peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide
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endomembrane system
A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell
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Where is calcium ion stored?
smooth ER
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What is the main production of the rough ER?
Membrane and secretion proteins
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The membrane of the ER is connected with
the membrane of the nuclear envelope
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What makes receptor proteins?
Rough ER
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How are cell proteins exported out of the cell?
Folded, packaged, and transported to the Golgi
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What does the Golgi do
processes and packages proteins
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What makes lysosomes?
the Golgi and rough ER
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What are contractile vacuoles?
pump excess water out of cells
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What do transport vesicles do?
carry lipids and proteins between the ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane
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Where are peroxisomes found?
liver and kidney
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Flagella
Helps Prokaryotes move, propellor
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Fimbrae
Allow Prokaryotes to stick to surfaces
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dependent variable
The outcome factor/the factor that is measured to change
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Steps of Scientific Method
observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
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element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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Six Essential Elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
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Proton
positively charged particle
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Electron
negatively charged particle
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Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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chemical bond
The force that holds atoms together
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molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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ion
a charged atom
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Three Domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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Theory vs. Hypothesis
Theory is broad which leads to hypothesis
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Independant variable
Variable that is manipulated
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Controlled experiment
experiment in which only one variable is changed
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matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
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compound
substance formed by of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio
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atom
smallest unit of matter
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neutron
no charge
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atomic number
number of protons
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atomic mass
numbers or protons and neutrons
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ionic bond
the attraction between oppositely charged ions/transfer electrons
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covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
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electronegativity
a measure of its attraction for shared electrons
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nonpolar covalent bonds
when electrons are shared equally between atoms of similar electronegativity
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polar covalent bonds
when electrons are shared unequally between atoms of similar electronegativity
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solute
substance dissolved in another substance
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solvant
substance that dissolves the solute
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pH scale
measure of how acidic a substance is
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chemical reaction
when a substances is converted into a different substance
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glucose
simple sugar
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sucrose
sugar molecule with glucose and fructose
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chitin
made from chains of modified glucose
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saturated fats
solid at room temp
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unsaturated fats
liquid at room temp
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four functions of proteins
storage, structure, transport, defensive
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How do amino acids differ
R groups
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primary level functions
sequence of amino acids linked to form a polypeptide chain
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secondary level functions
the structure that forms the polypeptide
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tertiary level functions
3-D shape of the polypeptide
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quaternary level functions
more than one polypeptide chain
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what is a nucleotide made of
sugar group, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
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endosymbiont theory
eukaryotes came from prokaryotes
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3 evidences for endosymbiont theory
mitochondria have their own cell membranes like a prokaryote, mitchondria has its own genome like bacteria, mitchondria and bacteria both multiply by pinching in half
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what is a isotope
same elements with equal amount of protons but different neutrons
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What does hydrogen bonding do to water
allows it to have surface tension, be adhesive, and cohesive
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four macromolecules
proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids
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5 themes of biology
evolution, DNA, structure and function, transfer of energy, interactions (STIED)
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Evolution/Natural Selection
genetic mutations that are beneficial to somethings survival are passed on through reproduction
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DNA in proteins and how it affects the structure
the DNA directs the sequence of amino acids in the protein molecule, creates building blocks
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function is determined by structure
how something is made allows it to perform a specific job
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how are compounds formed
when two or more elements are combined through a chemical reaction
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what ionic bonds are dissolved in water what do they become
charged ions