Studied by 8 peopleCharacteristics of Life
Reproduction, Evolution, Response to Environment, Regulation, Order, Growth, Energy
ionic bonds
transfer of electrons
organic molecules
molecules that contain carbon
Amino Group
nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms
Carboxyl Group
carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group.
Hydroxyl Group
oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom
Phosphate Group
phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms
Isomer
Same formula but different structures.
Lipids
fats and oils
Enzyme Proteins
Proteins that carry out reactions in the body
Defensive Proteins
protection against disease
Transport Proteins
allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane
What do DNA and RNA have in common?
both contain phosphate groups
Chloroplast
organelle found in plant cells that does photosynthesis
central vacuole
helps with reproduction, growth, and development in plant cells
Cell Wall
strong supporting layer around the cell membrane
What does the Rough ER do?
Makes proteins
What does the Smooth ER do?
Makes lipids
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Mitochondria
Makes ATP
Cell membrane
barrier around a cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
What do all cells have in common?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA
Eukaryotic cells have
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Are ribosomes organelles?
NO
Phospholipid Bylayer
the heads are hydrophlic and the tails are hydrophobic and makes up the cell membrane
Where does DNA turn into RNA
nucleus
Where can translation happen?
cytosol and the nucleus
Where are ribosomes made?
nucleus
What happens to a cells volume when it increases in size?
as a cell increases in size, its volume grows proportionately more than its surface area
Is it better for a cell to be big or small?
The bigger a cell is, the harder it is for nutrients to transport around the cell, therefore a smaller cell is more beneficial
Secretory proteins
produced by the cell for release through the plasma membrane
Vesicles
small membrane sacs that move products in and out of the cell
Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Vacuoles
Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
Peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide
endomembrane system
A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell
Where is calcium ion stored?
smooth ER
What is the main production of the rough ER?
Membrane and secretion proteins
The membrane of the ER is connected with
the membrane of the nuclear envelope
What makes receptor proteins?
Rough ER
How are cell proteins exported out of the cell?
Folded, packaged, and transported to the Golgi
What does the Golgi do
processes and packages proteins
What makes lysosomes?
the Golgi and rough ER
What are contractile vacuoles?
pump excess water out of cells
What do transport vesicles do?
carry lipids and proteins between the ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane
Where are peroxisomes found?
liver and kidney
Flagella
Helps Prokaryotes move, propellor
Fimbrae
Allow Prokaryotes to stick to surfaces
dependent variable
The outcome factor/the factor that is measured to change
Steps of Scientific Method
observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Six Essential Elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Proton
positively charged particle
Electron
negatively charged particle
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
chemical bond
The force that holds atoms together
molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
ion
a charged atom
Three Domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Theory vs. Hypothesis
Theory is broad which leads to hypothesis
Independant variable
Variable that is manipulated
Controlled experiment
experiment in which only one variable is changed
matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
compound
substance formed by of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio
atom
smallest unit of matter
neutron
no charge
atomic number
number of protons
atomic mass
numbers or protons and neutrons
ionic bond
the attraction between oppositely charged ions/transfer electrons
covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
electronegativity
a measure of its attraction for shared electrons
nonpolar covalent bonds
when electrons are shared equally between atoms of similar electronegativity
polar covalent bonds
when electrons are shared unequally between atoms of similar electronegativity
solute
substance dissolved in another substance
solvant
substance that dissolves the solute
pH scale
measure of how acidic a substance is
chemical reaction
when a substances is converted into a different substance
glucose
simple sugar
sucrose
sugar molecule with glucose and fructose
chitin
made from chains of modified glucose
saturated fats
solid at room temp
unsaturated fats
liquid at room temp
four functions of proteins
storage, structure, transport, defensive
How do amino acids differ
R groups
primary level functions
sequence of amino acids linked to form a polypeptide chain
secondary level functions
the structure that forms the polypeptide
tertiary level functions
3-D shape of the polypeptide
quaternary level functions
more than one polypeptide chain
what is a nucleotide made of
sugar group, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
endosymbiont theory
eukaryotes came from prokaryotes
3 evidences for endosymbiont theory
mitochondria have their own cell membranes like a prokaryote, mitchondria has its own genome like bacteria, mitchondria and bacteria both multiply by pinching in half
what is a isotope
same elements with equal amount of protons but different neutrons
What does hydrogen bonding do to water
allows it to have surface tension, be adhesive, and cohesive
four macromolecules
proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids
5 themes of biology
evolution, DNA, structure and function, transfer of energy, interactions (STIED)
Evolution/Natural Selection
genetic mutations that are beneficial to somethings survival are passed on through reproduction
DNA in proteins and how it affects the structure
the DNA directs the sequence of amino acids in the protein molecule, creates building blocks
function is determined by structure
how something is made allows it to perform a specific job
how are compounds formed
when two or more elements are combined through a chemical reaction
what ionic bonds are dissolved in water what do they become
charged ions
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Flashcard (27)