Bio Chapter Test - Emily B

Characteristics of Life

Reproduction, Evolution, Response to Environment, Regulation, Order, Growth, Energy

ionic bonds

transfer of electrons

organic molecules

molecules that contain carbon

Amino Group

nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Carboxyl Group

carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group.

Hydroxyl Group

oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

Phosphate Group

phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms

Isomer

Same formula but different structures.

Lipids

fats and oils

Enzyme Proteins

Proteins that carry out reactions in the body

Defensive Proteins

protection against disease

Transport Proteins

allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane

What do DNA and RNA have in common?

both contain phosphate groups

Chloroplast

organelle found in plant cells that does photosynthesis

central vacuole

helps with reproduction, growth, and development in plant cells

Cell Wall

strong supporting layer around the cell membrane

What does the Rough ER do?

Makes proteins

What does the Smooth ER do?

Makes lipids

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Mitochondria

Makes ATP

Cell membrane

barrier around a cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell

What do all cells have in common?

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA

Eukaryotic cells have

nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Are ribosomes organelles?

NO

Phospholipid Bylayer

the heads are hydrophlic and the tails are hydrophobic and makes up the cell membrane

Where does DNA turn into RNA

nucleus

Where can translation happen?

cytosol and the nucleus

Where are ribosomes made?

nucleus

What happens to a cells volume when it increases in size?

as a cell increases in size, its volume grows proportionately more than its surface area

Is it better for a cell to be big or small?

The bigger a cell is, the harder it is for nutrients to transport around the cell, therefore a smaller cell is more beneficial

Secretory proteins

produced by the cell for release through the plasma membrane

Vesicles

small membrane sacs that move products in and out of the cell

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide

endomembrane system

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell

Where is calcium ion stored?

smooth ER

What is the main production of the rough ER?

Membrane and secretion proteins

The membrane of the ER is connected with

the membrane of the nuclear envelope

What makes receptor proteins?

Rough ER

How are cell proteins exported out of the cell?

Folded, packaged, and transported to the Golgi

What does the Golgi do

processes and packages proteins

What makes lysosomes?

the Golgi and rough ER

What are contractile vacuoles?

pump excess water out of cells

What do transport vesicles do?

carry lipids and proteins between the ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane

Where are peroxisomes found?

liver and kidney

Flagella

Helps Prokaryotes move, propellor

Fimbrae

Allow Prokaryotes to stick to surfaces

dependent variable

The outcome factor/the factor that is measured to change

Steps of Scientific Method

observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Six Essential Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Proton

positively charged particle

Electron

negatively charged particle

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

chemical bond

The force that holds atoms together

molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

ion

a charged atom

Three Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Theory vs. Hypothesis

Theory is broad which leads to hypothesis

Independant variable

Variable that is manipulated

Controlled experiment

experiment in which only one variable is changed

matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

compound

substance formed by of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

atom

smallest unit of matter

neutron

no charge

atomic number

number of protons

atomic mass

numbers or protons and neutrons

ionic bond

the attraction between oppositely charged ions/transfer electrons

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

electronegativity

a measure of its attraction for shared electrons

nonpolar covalent bonds

when electrons are shared equally between atoms of similar electronegativity

polar covalent bonds

when electrons are shared unequally between atoms of similar electronegativity

solute

substance dissolved in another substance

solvant

substance that dissolves the solute

pH scale

measure of how acidic a substance is

chemical reaction

when a substances is converted into a different substance

glucose

simple sugar

sucrose

sugar molecule with glucose and fructose

chitin

made from chains of modified glucose

saturated fats

solid at room temp

unsaturated fats

liquid at room temp

four functions of proteins

storage, structure, transport, defensive

How do amino acids differ

R groups

primary level functions

sequence of amino acids linked to form a polypeptide chain

secondary level functions

the structure that forms the polypeptide

tertiary level functions

3-D shape of the polypeptide

quaternary level functions

more than one polypeptide chain

what is a nucleotide made of

sugar group, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

endosymbiont theory

eukaryotes came from prokaryotes

3 evidences for endosymbiont theory

mitochondria have their own cell membranes like a prokaryote, mitchondria has its own genome like bacteria, mitchondria and bacteria both multiply by pinching in half

what is a isotope

same elements with equal amount of protons but different neutrons

What does hydrogen bonding do to water

allows it to have surface tension, be adhesive, and cohesive

four macromolecules

proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids

5 themes of biology

evolution, DNA, structure and function, transfer of energy, interactions (STIED)

Evolution/Natural Selection

genetic mutations that are beneficial to somethings survival are passed on through reproduction

DNA in proteins and how it affects the structure

the DNA directs the sequence of amino acids in the protein molecule, creates building blocks

function is determined by structure

how something is made allows it to perform a specific job

how are compounds formed

when two or more elements are combined through a chemical reaction

what ionic bonds are dissolved in water what do they become

charged ions