Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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chemical bond
The force that holds atoms together
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molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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ion
a charged atom
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Three Domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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Theory vs. Hypothesis
Theory is broad which leads to hypothesis
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Independant variable
Variable that is manipulated
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Controlled experiment
experiment in which only one variable is changed
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matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
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compound
substance formed by of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio
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atom
smallest unit of matter
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neutron
no charge
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atomic number
number of protons
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atomic mass
numbers or protons and neutrons
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ionic bond
the attraction between oppositely charged ions/transfer electrons
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covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
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electronegativity
a measure of its attraction for shared electrons
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nonpolar covalent bonds
when electrons are shared equally between atoms of similar electronegativity
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polar covalent bonds
when electrons are shared unequally between atoms of similar electronegativity
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solute
substance dissolved in another substance
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solvant
substance that dissolves the solute
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pH scale
measure of how acidic a substance is
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chemical reaction
when a substances is converted into a different substance
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glucose
simple sugar
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sucrose
sugar molecule with glucose and fructose
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chitin
made from chains of modified glucose
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saturated fats
solid at room temp
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unsaturated fats
liquid at room temp
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four functions of proteins
storage, structure, transport, defensive
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How do amino acids differ
R groups
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primary level functions
sequence of amino acids linked to form a polypeptide chain
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secondary level functions
the structure that forms the polypeptide
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tertiary level functions
3-D shape of the polypeptide
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quaternary level functions
more than one polypeptide chain
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what is a nucleotide made of
sugar group, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
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endosymbiont theory
eukaryotes came from prokaryotes
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3 evidences for endosymbiont theory
mitochondria have their own cell membranes like a prokaryote, mitchondria has its own genome like bacteria, mitchondria and bacteria both multiply by pinching in half
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what is a isotope
same elements with equal amount of protons but different neutrons
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What does hydrogen bonding do to water
allows it to have surface tension, be adhesive, and cohesive
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four macromolecules
proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids
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5 themes of biology
evolution, DNA, structure and function, transfer of energy, interactions (STIED)
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Evolution/Natural Selection
genetic mutations that are beneficial to somethings survival are passed on through reproduction
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DNA in proteins and how it affects the structure
the DNA directs the sequence of amino acids in the protein molecule, creates building blocks
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function is determined by structure
how something is made allows it to perform a specific job
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how are compounds formed
when two or more elements are combined through a chemical reaction
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what ionic bonds are dissolved in water what do they become