ASLP 2015 Exam 3 Review Flashcards

Flashcards for ASLP 2015 Exam 3 Review

Stuttering

• Stuttering is a communication disorder in which the flow of speech is broken by repetition (li-li-like this), prolongation_ (lllllike this), or abnormal stoppages (no sound) of sounds and syllables. There may also be facial and body movements associated with the effort to speak.”

Typical Disfluencies

Typical broken words, phrase repetitions, or interjections in speech.

Secondary Stuttering Behaviors

Counterproductive adaptations or reactions to moments of stuttering, such as eye blinks, facial grimaces, or body movements.

Percentage of preschoolers who stutter that will outgrow it by school age

75%-80%

Counseling

An important component of fluency therapy

Anticipatory Stage (Swallowing)

A stage of swallowing; involves preparing for the meal and getting ready to eat.

Oral Stage (Swallowing)

A stage of swallowing with two parts; preparing the bolus (preparatory) and moving the bolus to the back of the mouth (transport).

Pharyngeal Stage (Swallowing)

A stage of swallowing; involves triggering the swallow reflex and protecting the airway.

Esophageal Stage (Swallowing)

A stage of swallowing; involves moving the bolus down the esophagus to the stomach.

Two Main Purposes of Eating/Drinking

Nutrition/hydration and enjoyment.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing.

Aspiration

Food or liquid enters the airway.

Bedside Evaluation

Assesses dysphagia at the bedside

Modified Barium Swallow Study

Assesses dysphagia using x-ray.

Period (Waveform)

The time it takes for one cycle of a waveform to complete.

Amplitude (Waveform)

Sound intensity (loudness level) and measured in dB.

Frequency (Waveform)

Measured in Hz

Functions of the outer, middle, and inner ear

Outer ear: funnels sound waves; Middle ear: amplifies waves; Inner ear: turns waves into electrical impulses.

Structures of the Outer Ear

Pinna and External ear canal

Structures of the Middle Ear

Tympanic membrane, Ossicular chain (malleus, incus, stapes), Eustachian tube

Eustachian tube

Equalizes pressure in the middle ear

Structures of the Inner Ear

Oval window, Cochlea, Organ of Corti, Auditory nerve

Organ of Corti

Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy; sensory organ of hearing.

Auditory Nerve

8th cranial nerve; transports information from the inner ear to the brain.

Case history, otoscopy, audiometry, and speech audiometry

Components of a hearing assessment

Air Conduction (AC)

Through air; involves the entire ear.

Bone Conduction (BC)

Bypasses the outer and middle ear directly stimulates the inner ear.

Threshold of Audibility

The softest intensity level at which a person can detect a tone 50% of the time.

0 dB

Lowest intensity level an average human can perceive.

Speech Recognition Threshold

The softest level at which a person can correctly repeat spondaic words (two-syllable words with equal stress).

Tympanometry

A test of middle ear function; can reveal fluid in the middle ear, ear infections, or other middle ear problems.

Auditory Brainstem Response Testing

A test that measures the brain's response to sound; used with infants and young children or individuals who cannot participate in behavioral testing.

Otoacoustic Emissions

Sounds generated by the inner ear; can be used to screen hearing in newborns.

Three Types of Hearing Loss

Conductive, Sensorineural, and Mixed

Location of Conductive Hearing Loss

Outer or middle ear

Location of Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Inner ear

Causes of Conductive Hearing Loss in the Outer Ear

Ear canal occluded and excess cerumen/ear wax

Causes of Conductive Hearing Loss in the Middle Ear

Otitis Media and Otosclerosis

Causes of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in the Inner Ear

Cochlear damage, Meniere’s Disease, Ototoxicity, 8th cranial nerve lesion

Tinnitus

Ringing in the ears

The most common type of adult-onset hearing loss

Sensorineural hearing loss

Hallmark indicator of noise-induced hearing loss

Noise notch at 4000 Hz

Auditory Habilitation

Therapy to improve communication skills in individuals who did not develop hearing normally.

Auditory Rehabilitation

Therapy to improve communication skills in individuals who have lost hearing after speech and language skills have already developed

Goal of a hearing aid

To make sounds louder.

Steps in Hearing Aid fitting

Electroacoustic analysis, education, programming, maintenance

Personal listening devices/FM systems

Reduce the level of background noise as compared to the targeted signal.

Cochlear Implant

A surgically implanted device that provides direct electrical stimulation to the auditory nerve; used for severe to profound hearing loss.

Modes of Communication for Children with Hearing Impairments

Oral, manual, and total communication

Steps in the Listening Development Hierarchy

Detection, discrimination, identification