Nail Technology Chapter 2 - General Anatomy & Physiology

_____ is the study of the structures of the human body and the substances these structures are made of. It is the science of the interconnected detail of organisms or of their parts.

anatomy

_____ is the study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures.

physiology

_____ is the study of the structure and composition of tissue.

histology

_____ is the process of combining smaller molecules to build larger and more complex molecules.

anabolism

_____ is the phase of metabolism in which larger, more complex molecules are broken down within the cells to create smaller, simpler molecules.

catabolism

_____ tissue is fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body.

connective

_____ tissue contracts and moves various parts of the body.

muscle

_____ tissue carries messages to control and coordinate all bodily functions.

nerve

_____ tissue is a protective covering on body surfaces.

epithelial

The human body is about _____ percent water.

60

Examples of this type of tissue are bone, ligaments, fascia, and blood.

connective

The organs within this system include the esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, liver, and small and large intestines.

digestive

The organs within this system include the adrenal gland, pituitary gland, and pancreas.

endocrine

The organs within this system include the kidneys and bladder.

excretory

The organs within this system include the skin and accessory organs.

integumentary

The organs within this system include the spleen and lymph.

lymphatic

As a nail technician, you will be concerned about flexors. What are they?

Flexors are extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in bending the wrist.

As a nail technician, you will be concerned about supinators. What are they?

Supinators are muscles of the forearm that rotate the radius (forearm) outward and the palm upward.

As a nail technician, you will be concerned about extensors. What are they?

Extensors are muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line.

While Evie was giving a pedicure, her client was complaining about pain on the underside of the toes. Which nerve might Evie be concerned about in this situation?

the tibial nerve

How would you classify a sciatic nerve?

A common peroneal nerve is a division of the sciatic nerve.

While Josie was giving a client a manicure, the client was complaining about pain in her little finger. Which nerve might Josie be the MOST concerned about?

the ulnar nerve

Which nervous system controls involuntary muscles?

autonomic

The spinal cord is part of which nervous system?

central

What nerves in the lower leg and foot would you be concerned about if a client were complaining about pain on the outer side and back of the foot and leg?

the sural nerve

Blood is composed of several things. Which of the following destroys disease-causing microorganisms?

white blood cells

Blood is composed of several things. Which of the following contributes to the blood-clotting process?

platelets

Blood is composed of several things. Which of the following contains hemoglobin?

red blood cells

Blood is composed of several things. Which of the following removes carbon dioxide from cells?

plasma

Which artery supplies blood to the lower leg muscles and to the muscles and skin on top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes?

anterior tibial

Which artery supplies blood to the ankles and the back of the lower leg?

posterior tibial

The lymphatic system is made of all of the following EXCEPT what?

esophagus

The lymph is a colorless, watery fluid derived from what?

plasma

Which system should you be well aware of in order to protect your clients from exposure to infection and disease in your spa?

lymphatic

Which system removes waste material from the body cells to the blood?

lymphatic

The _____ system is a group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.

endocrine

What part or function of the body would you give as an example of the endocrine glands?

insulin

Which of the following is NOT one of the organs that play a crucial role in the digestive system?

blood

The _____ enzymes are chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body.

digestive

The _____ system is responsible for purifying the body by eliminating toxins.

excretory

The _____ discharge(s) waste containing bile.

liver

The _____ eliminate(s) decomposed and undigested food.

large intestines

Which of the following is a muscular wall that separates the chest from the abdominal region and helps control breathing?

diaphragm

What would happen if the body were deprived of oxygen?

You will die within minutes.

What will happen to the skin of a person who has a weak respiratory system or is poorly oxygenated?

Skin that is poorly oxygenated will be sallow and gray.

The integumentary system is made up of all the following EXCEPT what?

lymph nodes

The _____ is the largest organ of the body.

skin

Into which system would you categorize the hair and nails?

integumentary

The _____ system performs the function of perpetuating the human race.

reproductive

Which of the following is NOT of major importance to the nail tech?

reproductive